Shale gas exploration will inevitably contaminate groundwater do

Anyone who has little understanding of the technical details about Water fracturing, from water pollution worries are freed, the technology itself is secure core of the problem lies in how the Government to monitor. China has a very impressive mineable reserves of  unconventional gas  fact is recognized worldwide. Refers to the so-called unconventional oil and gas exist in this type of very low permeability rock, hard self-discharge, after the drilling  hydraulic fracturing  and other means necessary to stimulate oil and gas wells can sustain production. Unconventional oil and gas exploitation in the past was considered too expensive, and with rising energy prices and mining technology, the exploitation of unconventional oil and gas become an important component of national energy development.
Although countries in the exploitation of  shale gas  has taken a different policy choice, but in fact meet the technical specifications of the hydraulic fracturing technique is very safe and will not contaminate groundwater. Anyone who has little understanding of the technical details about Water fracturing, from water pollution worries are freed. Of course, in addition to the technology itself, if the regulation is not in place, operating in violation of the relevant technical specifications the result is bound to be contaminated.

Shale gas environmental problems must stand the test

With the rising demand for natural gas, the US-led world energy power set off a wave of  shale gas  development in this wave among Chinese shale gas development, there is also the enormous exploitation of water consumption, groundwater pollution and other ecological problems. Mining or not mining companies? Government to encourage or discourage? In addition to technology and market factors, its impact on ecological environment caused by making a very tangled issue.
Some experts believe that the exploitation of shale gas in these activities may affect the environment, pollute the air, water and soil. And in recent days, Pennsylvania, in the United States conducted a study may lead to a new debate. The study shows that shale gas could cause gas within a radius of one kilometer of drinking water are methane, ethane and propane contamination.
Both findings, or mass media, shale gas development in the initial stage incurs a label affixed ecological pollution. If the voices of opposition prevailed, government, business, scholars will have high priority. Pollution problems are not resolved, the developer prohibitive, shale gas revolution slowly.
Shale gas is extracted from shale in natural gas, natural gas supply in the United States, a growing percentage of shale gas. The main use of shale gas fracking, is about a lot of chemicals and water, a mixture of sand, with high-pressure underground injection wells, fracturing rock formations nearby, and then collect natural gas.
Compared with the U.S., China's shale gas geological storage conditions are relatively more complicated. Public data shows, China's shale oil and gas are located in the South Downs, the western highlands, more than 3,000 meters depth. These ecologically fragile areas, the slightest mistake, it will bring ecological and environmental problems. Coupled with the current exploitation of  hydraulic fracturing  technology is still one of the main technical shale gas, shale gas exploration to consume large amounts of water, which is facing.
May lead to the development of shale gas in addition to water resources, land use, geology, air quality and other regional environmental issues, but also may contribute to global climate change. Departments focus is on shale gas resources survey, as well as exploration and exploitation of technology research and development, although the climate and environmental issues are considered, but not enough to deal with shale gas development and utilization of the potential challenges.
However, we should also see the haze in the harsh environment, the increasing demand of natural gas, shale gas development to further exert the pressure. According to the Ministry of Land and Oil and Gas Strategy Center officials estimate that by 2020, China's natural gas consumption will reach 3500 to 380,000,000,000 cubic meters, in 2030 will reach 5500 to 600,000,000,000 cubic meters. Meanwhile, China's natural gas independent industry chain has taken shape, natural gas pricing mechanism is gradually straightened out.

Germany fears impact of shale gas, beer or beer purity shale gas?

The end of May, the German Confederation, could not winemakers. Anxiety and anger vintners will be a righteous rhetoric warning letter submitted to the German Ministry of Environment. They demanded, unless it can be fully guaranteed used shale gas fracking does not contaminate groundwater sources, otherwise the government should not  shale gas  release. Although we do not know the reaction of the German Ministry of Environmental Protection, but for most ordinary Germans, the issue is clearly asking them: "pro, you in the end is to beer, or shale gas?" Maybe for you do not like beer concerned, it is indeed more difficult to answer, but if you know the importance of beer on the German, perhaps above problem will become very clear.

The face of the inevitable development of shale gas in Germany, the German brewers began to prohibit the use of Chancellor Angela Merkel clamoring for shale gas  hydraulic fracturing   Because more than half of German beer manufacturers are dependent on private wells, which would threaten Germany's fourth-largest beer ingredients - water.

Vintners despite warnings from the government, but to shale gas exploration and German consortium operations, it can only be a flood of hope on German nationals who, if winemakers tell their loyal consumers, shale gas will damage their beer quality, nationals their votes will become the biggest killer. Despite the potential of large consortia, but in a democratic society can not resist one-person game mechanics. In this regard, China has long been summed up as the old saying "Food", presumably German politicians on this issue will not be silly.

Shale gas development there are still many unsolved mysteries

Gail Rafter incumbent energy security research think-tank Institute for Analysis of Global Security (IAGS) co-director, and served as the U.S. Energy Security Council adviser. The Commission is the highest level of the United States Advisory Group, by former cabinet ministers and business leaders.
"21st Century": Do you think the U.S. is  shale gas  development boom will last? Future returns in this area will rise?
Rafter: Frankly I do not know the answer. A few months ago, I met at a luncheon of the year pioneered the use of  Hydraulic fracturing   George Mitchell, the longevity of this year he has 94. He told me that 35 years ago he invented this technique, a start nobody cares. Almost overnight, it leaps and bounds, everywhere. However, the industry today, there are still many unknown problems still exist between information and data needed to fill the gap. For example, we have yet to understand the process of shale gas development will overflow much methane. Greenhouse effect of methane is about 17 times that of carbon dioxide. But we know that if the overflow ratio exceeds 2% methane, shale gas mining process caused by the greenhouse effect is more serious than coal. But what overrun by 2.5%, 3% or 10%, we are currently unclear. So, a lot of the basic problems of shale gas development we do not figure it out.
Another point that many people do not know. Each country's situation is not the same shale. For example most of the U.S. shale Marcellus Shale (Marcellus) - Pennsylvania mostly this, fracturing technology in this type of shale to good effect. When people get Poland again with this technique, the results completely impossible.
If you take China, the result may not the same. Why? Because the rock is not the same geological conditions. Therefore, to realize that we are ignorant on many issues. Another example fracturing technology.
United States in recent years a lot of strange sudden earthquakes, which have occurred in the past, there has not been an earthquake, many people suspect that this and related hydraulic fracturing? But who knows? We are still in the learning curve, to solve these problems, Japan, longer.

The economic benefits of shale gas extraction has been questioned

Australia currently has more than 1,000 trillion cubic feet of undeveloped  shale gas  resources, but according to a new report for the extraction of shale gas in these infrastructure costs are too high and may exceed the economic benefits of its own, unless shale gas prices. Like the United States, Australia's shale gas reserves are very rich, but also requires the use of  Hydraulic fracturing  and other similar technologies to extract. This report by the Australian Academic Research Council (AustralianCouncilofLearnedAcademies) release, mainly for gas and shale resources, technology, human and environmental impacts, economic benefits, lessons learned, as well as the impact of greenhouse gas emission reduction targets in such areas discussed. This report, for the production of shale gas in Australia the cost may be much higher than the U.S., you need to perform a relatively high price (6-9 U.S. dollars / GJ) in order to ensure profitability. By contrast, the eastern part of the domestic gas market wholesale price long-term contracts was approximately $ 4 / GJ, the current wholesale price of $ 6 / gigajoule. Report that "based on the above estimates, the development of shale gas on the East Coast there is no profit at all, unless the domestic and international netback price (about $ 10 / GJ) equilibrium." One of the authors of this report, the Australian Academy of Science, Technology and Engineering Dr. VaughanBeck, developers need to take into account additional product transportation and processing costs, "So nutshell shale gas development in the country currently does not have the economic benefits."

Shale gas development impacts on water resources

Successful exploitation of  shale gas  will bring huge economic benefits, but its potential impact on the environment even more worrying: one is the exploitation of shale gas requires large amounts of fresh water resources, could threaten local and regional water resources sustainable use; shale gas on the other hand is the noise generated in the process, waste water, waste gas and mining disasters and other accidents caused by environmental pollution.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy statistics, Marcellus Shale gas drilling average water consumption for each of 3.88 million gal (approximately 15,000 cubic meters), where the amount of water used in  Hydraulic fracturing  98%. The Marcellus Shale gas well drilling for a day of water is estimated at 8.4 million gal. Because shale gas well drilling cycle is shorter (24h operation, a horizontal well to be 4 - 5 weeks, plus 3 - 5 days hydraulic fracturing treatment), during which a large number of local surface water or groundwater consumption (per mouth Marcellus shale gas wells need water every day about 30,000 gal), is likely to affect the survival of the local aquatic life, fishing industry, urban and industrial water.
Shale gas hydraulic fracturing technique used not only consume a lot of water, but also to the underground injection lysate may contaminate groundwater. Some experts pointed out that a lot of water to the shale, may encourage deep rock slide, causing earthquakes. University of Pennsylvania researchers said that in Pennsylvania using fracking shale gas areas, underground methane content in drinking water than the undrilled area 17 times higher, this methane pollution and hydraulic fracturing method on the application. Pennsylvania found methane in groundwater reason, probably where the wells themselves through the seam, so it into methane, shale gas wells or isolation means not doing enough.
Hydraulic fracturing fluid composition, but also a focus of controversy. U.S. three Democrats in April 2010 in a report that the United States 14 oil and gas companies in the past five years shale use for about 2.95 million cubic meters of fracturing additives, including 750 kinds of chemical products, and toxic substance benzene and lead. If you do not return the fracturing fluid leak or cause a timely manner, the impact on the ecological environment should not be underestimated.
Shale gas development impact on the environment
Shale gas resource development to flourish not only consume a lot of water, but also on the ecological environment will pose new threats. Shale gas well fracturing fluids and produced formation water potential environmental hazards, these two water collectively return water (back to the original water volume accounted for 30% of injecting high-pressure liquid - 70% return water drilling muds and generally will be stored in the site wastewater pond or storage cart, and then transported to a designated treatment center for post-processing. return water in addition to containing high-pressure liquid chemical additive components, but also contain hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and high dissolved solids (TDS), of which the TDS group of including calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and carbonates as well as from a natural gas reservoir formation radioactive substances such as uranium, thorium and their decay products, etc.

Principles of shale gas and mining technology

shale gas refers to occur in  unconventional gas   often distributed in source rocks of sedimentary basin formation. However, this gas is trapped in dense, almost no pores and cracks in the shale, in the exploitation of its formation must be artificial fracturing, manufacturing long cracks, and to the formation of cracks prop channel, so keep up the pressure and gas continuously flow into the wellbore.
Shale gas extraction technology is mainly horizontal drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing technology. Mainly for the production of horizontal wells, you can get a larger reservoir discharge area, get higher natural gas production. The purpose of  Hydraulic fracturing  is to increase the well bore and gas reservoir rocks contacts for oil and gas to the well bore to provide a high penetration of mobile channel. The basic process is the completion of the drilling and installation of drilling, high-pressure liquid mixture into the drilling, so that gas reservoir rocks crack, and the high-pressure liquid  Proppant  into the fracture to keep it open after the state, making this a hydraulic fracture The oil and gas drilling speed channel guide. High pressure liquid water and solid support by the agents (such as quartz sand) and chemical additives, water, sand content is generally 98% - 99.5%, additive content of 0.5% - 2%. For high-pressure fluid has more than 250 kinds of chemical additives.

Global shale gas exploration experience can learn from America's five largest

The United States has become the world's number one producer of natural gas, outside the United States, although the development of  shale gas  reserves in its infancy, but you can learn a lot of lessons learned from the United States. Accenture, a global management consulting firm released a report today, "Water and shale gas development" as-introduction. Report writing, one of Accenture Greater China vice president ...
"The United States has become the world's number one producer of natural gas, outside the United States, although the development of shale gas reserves in its infancy, but you can learn a lot of lessons learned from the United States." Global management consulting firm Accenture report released today, "Water and shale gas development "In the case described.
 
Report writing, one of Accenture Greater China Vice President Yang Wei [microblogging] China Economic Times reporter, said the global shale gas resource development has entered a rapid development track, which caused environmental problems remain worrying, especially in relation to water use issues especially. Therefore, the report said, operators should develop their capacity in five key areas, in order to stand out in the current industry structure.
 
Operators should first focus wastewater treatment problems. For a long time, managing oil and gas production operations generate common method of water generated by injecting into the reservoir for processing, in order to maintain or enhance oil recovery, or by Underground Injection to Class II Environmental Protection Agency approved saline wells. Water-saving measures and the lack of new areas of processing power, so that people are more concerned with research on generating water recycling and reuse, in particular whether the on-site treatment and reuse. Although the short term, without going through too much  hydraulic fracturing  can be carried back to the pre-treatment water reuse is a viable solution, but operators need to seriously consider that produce large amounts of high-saturated brine term impacts.
 
In shale gas production, has developed many techniques for waste water treatment, such as reuse and recycling, and has been used in a variety of different carriers circumstances, for example, with or without pretreatment, from simple filtering the high crystallization method, but their cost is clearly higher than the traditional approach.
 
Second, reduce water use and emissions intensity. With the global shortage of freshwater resources, the growing pressure on the public use of water for shale gas monitoring and reporting requirements continue to increase, people will increasingly concerned about how to reduce the intensity of water use in the production process. You can help by improving operational efficiency goals, including configuration and optimization of drilling wells in each well site number; through the end of wastewater reuse to maximize the value of water resources; current industry focus on the development of small water demand proppant, and to seek alternative methods of hydraulic fracturing, both for shale gas production to reduce water consumption intensity made positive efforts.
 
Third, operators must improve their data management capabilities, as regulators increased shale gas operators to provide operational throughout the life cycle of all the materials used data requirements, particularly water use data. Yang Wei believes that larger operators to benefit from such a data management system for the development and deployment of economies of scale.
 
Fourth, the report says, ranging from water supply to support fracturing operations, to the waste transfer reports, and support compliance requirements and a series of logistics activities in the shale play an important role in development. Therefore need to develop a specific strategy for shale gas stream, so that the overall strategy of developing shale gas play a central role.
 
It is reported that some of the industry's leading carriers in North America have successfully used such as traffic control tower, etc., will help to manage environmental health and safety risks and improve business performance and achieve cost-effectiveness.
 
Fifth, strengthen cooperation. Report warned operators, regulators and other operators to strengthen the co-operation in order to reduce operating strength, for example, shared logistics, sharing spare capacity, shared infrastructure. Through shared these key regulatory areas of risk, operators can reduce their own environmental footprint.

Shale gas "good" Where Why unconventional oil and gas resources in research and development so desperately

For example, in terms of usage, in addition to belonging to  shale gas  as a clean energy, but also an important chemical raw materials; while the storage and use, because the general needs of the solar and wind energy into electrical energy can be used, so the advantage of shale gas . From the long-term, stable production requirements point of view, shale gas production is only related with the underground geological conditions, unlike wind energy, solar energy by surface climate conditions such as wind speed and sunshine larger.

  According to analysis study estimated that lack of oil and gas in our marine shale formations in southern China may be the major shale gas rich area, so from the perspective of the development of shale gas in the future, on the southern region has considerable industrial development role.

In fact, by 2015, China will reach 120 billion cubic meters of natural gas over the gap, if there is no alternative to the energy, you can only import large quantities from abroad. But the solution is not without trace, the United States relies on " Unconventional gas " so that it was replaced in 2009 Russia became the world's largest natural gas producer. 2012 Land and Resources issued geology of shale gas resource potential of 134.42 trillion cubic meters, recoverable resource potential of 25.08 trillion cubic meters (excluding Tibet region). This shows that China in the exploitation of unconventional gas is promising.

Unconventional oil and gas resources of what is meant by unconventional energy, what does

Hou Jie reading explains: " Unconventional gas  sources including shale gas, coalbed methane, shale oil, tight sandstone gas, gas hydrates, and heavy oil resources, etc. which has developed the most valuable are: shale gas, coalbed methane, tight sandstone gas and heavy oil resources in our country, for tight sands and heavy oil and gas resource development practices earlier, followed by coal bed methane,  shale gas  is then. "Hou Jie read it several more were introduced with the development of unconventional value oil and gas resources advantage. Such as the advantages of tight sandstone gas exploration past low level of remaining resources more; while heavy oil resources are wins in the development and application of technology is relatively mature, resource capacity, a broad field of application, except as an energy source and chemical raw materials, but also for road traffic and building an important raw material; while mainly in the mining area of   coalbed methane, and its advantage is that the current low level of exploration, the remaining of resources, construction speed, CBM and also reduces the production of coal mine safety problems .

Why shale gas development attracted widespread attention

According to sources, when the international oil prices frequently by geopolitical and other factors, continued high volatility of the occasion, an  Unconventional gas  - shale gas in the existing energy structure gradually occupy an important position as the energy of the highlights. The International Energy Agency recently said that the global unconventional gas  will enter a golden period of development. To speed up the development of shale gas and reduce dependence on imports of foreign oil and natural gas, shale gas development in China has included in the "Twelfth Five-Year" plan, some analysts believe that if China can work in a relatively short period of time to achieve the scale of mass production , even with the U.S. shale gas production go hand in hand, the territory of the world's energy structure will be major changes. Why shale gas development attracted widespread attention  shale gas  could ease the energy crisis shale gas Difficulties needed a few hurdle crossed

 Era of unconventional oil and gas resources is not coming

"There is a 'greedy' people are eating a bowl, watching the pot. Heavy oil and tight sands are tube things today, shale gas and coalbed methane are tubes tomorrow thing, and gas hydrates are tube Acquired thing. "Hou Jie read an amusing way metaphor now for unconventional oil and gas resource development. Current shale gas has officially become the first 172 kinds of minerals, the Ministry will also independent minerals formulated investment policy for shale gas resource management. Shale gas development and utilization gradually into the public view, the term unconventional oil and gas resources are also frequent.

Shale gas development is difficult

The end of 2011, shale gas was identified as an independent after minerals, shale gas development in the country has witnessed a lively scene on. In  shale gas  "second five" plan, by 2015, China's shale gas production capacity will reach 6.5 billion cubic meters / year by 2020 output reached 60 billion ~ 100 billion cubic meters.
At the same time, shale gas stocks also showed mania state, the stock doubled up day after day.
August 24, held in Nanchang National shale gas resource potential evaluation meeting, the Ministry of Land and gas central leadership told the experts, being wary of the media, even in an interview, it can not be the name of the center, "Now is the sensitive period , we have a talk, there is a great stock market volatility, so be careful. "
Oil Center Director Zhao Xianliang pointed at the Symposium on "shale gas resources in our country some of the key indicators are still difficult to accurately obtain, for the characteristics of China's exploration and development technology has yet to be overcome, shale gas development there are more uncertainties must be sound calm, orderly. "
Evaluation report shows that more than 60 have been drilled in shale gas wells, in addition to the Sichuan Basin, the still not a show out of gas shale gas wells with commercial development prospects.
Insiders expect, 85 percent of America's future generation resources from natural gas, and as  Unconventional gas  resources will be the future of shale gas main. Natural gas is also a key development areas of China's future, but conventional gas resources are oil and gas companies in the oil and other traditional monopoly.

Mining "gas" can not disregard "water"

China Energy Network Han Xiaoping, chief information officer, believes that "there is no independent  shale gas  development and technology is an extension of oil extraction technology." China needs foreign capital not only at this stage, but also needs foreign technology, "emphasis is not on prospecting, drilling that the United States in this respect is more advanced."
Hydraulic fracturing technology is used widely in shale gas development tools, mainly in high-pressure liquid injection drilling, making rock split, then high-pressure liquid Proppant  hold cracks, making it a high-speed directional drilling of oil and gas permeation path .
Working Committee of the Yangtze River Yangtze River Academy of Sciences, told reporters that Chen Jin, shale gas requires a lot of water, if not to improve the reuse of water, the local water situation will certainly have some impact, "not a single place able to withstand such a large amount of water. "
According to the U.S. Department of Energy statistics, the use of hydraulic fracturing, a shale gas drilling average water consumption of up to 1.5 million cubic meters. This calculation, it is assumed by 1000 drilling exploration in the Sichuan Basin, 1.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas, water consumption reached 170 million cubic meters, equivalent to the amount of the Sichuan Basin underground mineable resources of 1.1%. "Sichuan is the relative scarcity of water resources in the Yangtze River Basin blocks, there is a seasonal water shortages." Shale gas could impact on water resources, Chen Jin is not without concern.
"At the current development trend, 'second five' plan 6 billion cubic meters of the target is not low, there is a certain degree of difficulty to complete, but if all goes well, still have a chance." Li Liang believes that "Shell publicly declared to be in a year China invested $ 1 billion to develop shale gas, to some extent also in urging the Government to introduce relevant policies. "

Chinese reservoir stimulation technology in the future

Deep understanding of the technical content of the volume reconstruction, and explore new ways to achieve the transformation of the first volume through innovative ideas, positive change in perspective, from the classical theory of the progressive realization of the fracturing technology to the volume modification techniques. Drawing on U.S. technology, the system summarizes characteristics of domestic reservoir stimulation techniques to study the technical system suitable for China, explore and study the following key questions: What kind of reservoir is easy to form what kind of sewing net reservoir (WELL) is more suitable for volume transformation of the role of the network from the seam much of what is effective seam network what is suitable for the transformation of the liquid volume of construction control and detection. These problems are expected to rapidly promote efficient development of oil shale gas.

In addition, to carry out the processing flowback, reuse technology research and application, to reduce costs and protect the environment. Meanwhile, low-cost high-performance research of fracturing fluid and  Proppant  materials, significantly reducing material costs. Study ultra-low density proppant, low friction low cost quick release viscosity slippery water, water control locks, changing wettability, reduce capillary force microemulsion, low concentrations of guar gum and guar gum and other low molecular weight recyclable. Efforts to form a suitable Chinese  shale gas  reservoir characteristics of the new liquid technology.

Seismic exploration planning considerations

 
In an optimum  Hydraulic fracturing  program planning, the four geologic factors to consider: brittle, closure stress, Proppant  particle size distribution and volume. The first two factors can be assessed based on the familiar concepts such as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of existing wells, which stems from inversion of seismic data.
 
Brittleness is relatively simple, there is not introduced. In the case of exploration, it was found, Second White Speckled Shale Colorado shale units are most vulnerable part of the group, closure stress is defined as not having the proper position  ceramic proppant  fracturing stress of which the effective closure.
 
Wide-azimuth-D seismic data to allow assessment of all major stress, primarily through the use of a simplified Hooke's law and linear slip theory. In addition, you also need to consider is that the well pressure must first overcome the rocks around the borehole formed hoop stress. Hoop stress in the rock near the wall of the additional shear stress, which is mainly a result of drilling. Once the assessment of seismic data from the main stress has been mastered, the hoop stress can also be calculated.
 
Obviously, the original rock stress is to control the hydraulic fracturing of the most important factors. As rock geotechnical testing to withstand long-term deformation, static modulus of stress-strain relationship can be assessed according to the slope. Thus, the modulus of the relevant hydraulic fracturing is most likely static modulus, as hydraulic fracturing rock fracturing takes some time to build up the required stress.
 
Situ stress can be assessed based on seismic data. If it is assumed subsurface rock mechanics constrained by horizontal direction, that is, the level of strain is their natural state zero, the rock is undergoing elastic deformation, so these rocks situ stress can be assessed according to the elastic deformation of the information.
 
Elasticity information based on seismic data inversion is offset by the amplitude of the joint can be exported, and in-situ stress can be anywhere seismic waveform is assumed that the seismic waves from a larger angle (> 40 °) rock reflection, thus, this is the width corner, where the use of wide-azimuth seismic.
 
How to determine reservoir fracturing is one of the most useful parameters poor level of stress ratio (DHSR). In general, the level of differential stress ratio is low, then for reservoir fracturing is the most appropriate, when the horizontal differential stress is high, the hydraulic fracturing will tend to occur when the surface does not intersect with the maximum horizontal stress parallel , the fracturing is formed parallel with it helps. However, with low levels of differential stress ratio, hydraulic fracturing caused by the fracture will tend to spread out in various parallel to the direction and interactive. This multi-directional fracture network provides access to the reservoir of hydrocarbons better way.
 
Hydraulic fracturing of the best scenes that occurred with high brittleness, and with low levels of differential stress ratio (DHSR) meet. Cross plots of these assessments can be shown that the area suitable for the formation of the fracture network. In Colorado group Second White Speckled Shale, the results of the application which cross plot in Figures 3 and 4 below. Intersection graph Strip and cut-off point is controlled as well as to optimize field development. Those low differential stress ratio and high Young's modulus (brittle) (shown in green part) of the area is limited to a small range has exploration. These areas should be the first goal of drilling to further significantly improve production and increase net present value.
 
Optimal hydraulic fracturing mark in a very short distance changes, for example, the figure of the north-central 14-13 wells west shows good from hydraulic fracturing hydraulic fracturing bad area to the change in the region, at a distance less than 200 meters (656 feet), much shorter than most of these shale in the length of the horizontal wells. The results also show that most of the Second White Speckled Shale will vary with parallel cracks fracturing.
 From wide-angle, wide-azimuth seismic data there are numerous signs can assist hydraulic fracturing program. It should be noted that the method is applicable to any hydraulic fracturing rock to be considered, but stress or Geomechanics is still a problem. Borehole seismic data should be used to infer information on inter-well area.
 
This analysis can be used in the absence of seismic velocity measurements and assumptions petrophysical relationship information when well implemented. Once the main stress is calm as other useful hoop stress stress assessment can be used to predict how oil and gas well drilling operations that. This is the basis for wide-azimuth three-dimensional seismic data evaluation lot about stress and rock properties information.

The economic value of seismic exploration

The economic value of seismic exploration
 
From Alberta, Canada, Central Second White Speckled Shale investigation can be seen, the use of wide-azimuth 3D seismic assessment of reservoir rock properties and the principal stresses the importance of In Western Canada Sedimentary Basin waters, wide azimuth D seismic can detect Red Deer, Alberta, a town southeast of 9 square kilometers (5.5 square meters) in a small area. This target area is the Cretaceous Colorado Shale Group, which is located in the Joli Fou weak shale layers and a large sandy Lower Cretaceous Mannville (Mannville) layer, while Manville layer is located above an unconformity, which does not strata beneath the unconformity mainly composed of carbonate rocks.
 
The results showed that about a quarter of the survey area as a fracture network shale fracturing, while the remaining major linear shale fracturing the fracturing or not, when considering the deployment and starting fracturing wells optimum position When this information is very valuable. If three-fourths of the exploration area is easy  Hydraulic fracturing , then the cost of space is very large.
 
One well per square kilometer as the standard development of  shale gas   nine wells have to be drilled, the cost per well was $ 8,000,000, then the total cost of $ 72 million. The results show that reducing the two covering reservoir wells, you can save $ 16 million, the total cost of $ 56 million. This is easy to compensate for the cost savings provided by seismic data acquisition, processing and analysis of relevant information. Other economic benefits from drilling and completing most of the potential priority area, and the scale of development in the field of seismic data used in planning have added value.

Wide-azimuth seismic technology to boost shale gas more economical

The commonly used three-dimensional seismic technology for wide-azimuth shale production, and as a first step, we can say, Alberta, Canada, Central shale mining is a typical case. In North America, a large number of exploration and development technology is moving before the unfamiliar field of shale oil and shale and how best to develop these huge pages ...
 
In North America, a large number of exploration and development technology is moving before the unfamiliar field of shale oil and  shale gas  and how best to develop these huge shale energy efforts. Shale oil and  shale gas  mining is largely horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing result of progress, it is these two technologies pry open a huge untapped reserves of the door.
 
If there is no economic, technical and environmental challenges, this unexpected effect nascent domestic resources in the United States is not going to happen. Economically, for its own sake, supply exceeded demand and lower commodity market prices, oil and gas industry has been very successful; Technically, the  Hydraulic fracturing  technology development is still regarded as an unprecedented unknown; environmentally relevant fracturing process The public question no sign of abating, there may be the potential failure of oil and gas wells, water pollution, and become the focus point of the earthquake disaster.
 
For all these problems, geological science can help solve and provide some practical business solutions. About shale reservoirs wide-angle, wide-azimuth three-dimensional seismic survey is any shale development cost effective preliminary stage. The result is that it is able to geologists and engineers to understand the nature of the target formation rock characteristics and possible stress the key points. Target formation rock properties and possible stress characteristics on well placement, productivity, and any hydraulic fracturing of the security policy is essential. Such mapping is especially valuable as a stress scenario, it is possible that various changes and display within a few hundred meters space changes, the most likely solution for adjustment of fracturing.
 
As hydraulic fracturing operations and reservoir drain, these wide-azimuth seismic survey may also be monitored at the production stage to stress during repeated at any time. Prior to drilling, master stress conditions on the predicted risk of borehole instability region is also very useful; in other words, drilling problems or can advance to prepare, or put aside whatever.

Petroleum proppant activation industry "blood" of the extraction and storage

Petroleum proppant activation industry "blood" of the extraction and storage


  Petroleum  fracturing proppant  production, oil production can be described as the gospel, no matter yield and quality, than the ordinary mining advantage at all. Oil as a valuable energy for national development, and production of domestic oil storage capacity is the focus of national attention, so oil proppant production line technological achievements affects everyone's heart.
  Petroleum proppant production inputs is not, but profits are high, China proppant manufacturer offers the advantages of cheap local bauxite, bauxite is an important raw material of ceramic production.  Ceramic proppant  with drilling companies need to have: a uniform size, chemical stability, high temperature high pressure, combined with good compatibility with sand, flowback easy and so on. Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that using aluminum  Proppant  fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells, oil and natural gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration, construction of key materials.
  Advanced design and production process, making a proppant production line all walks of life came to get attention and concern, petroleum proppant will simplify the process of oil exploration, not only to increase oil and gas production, oil and gas wells to better extend the maximum length of service, the construction of the national economy has brought more support.

Oil and gas proppant liberation of energy, high utilization is no longer a dream

Oil and gas proppant liberation of energy, high utilization is no longer a dream


  Years of efficient production, China has long been the industry transition to mass production come from the production, which we can see the development direction of high-grade domestic industries have been spreading rapidly. Oil as an important energy source for industrial development, its high grade exploitation is widespread concern in the industry has been, petroleum  frac proppant  production lines with the aid greatly improve the existing quality and efficiency of oil extraction.
  Petroleum proppant notable feature is reasonable layout, process flow, high degree of automation; mechanized joint control operation, low labor intensity; calcination parameters real-time monitoring, product quality is good firing; producing energy than good, low running costs. Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Also extend the service life of oil and gas wells, lightweight aggregate quality in line with national standards. With the demand for oil continues to grow, increasing the difficulty of oil and gas, domestic demand for petroleum  Ceramic proppant  is increasing. At present domestic oil proppant is in the development stage, petroleum proppant products have broad market.

Alumina support fracturing agent less hazardous waste little long service life

Alumina support fracturing agent less hazardous waste little long service life


   Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that using alumina support fracturing agent wells can increase production by 30-50%, but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells.
   As technology continues to improve the level of human solid waste generated has also increased, a large pile of solid waste posing a great threat for the survival of the environment. Solid waste generally refers to human beings in the production, processing, distribution, consumption and lifestyle destination accessible ingredients such processes discarded after solids and mud-like substance. According to management needs can be divided into three categories: namely, industrial solid waste, toxic and hazardous solid waste and municipal waste. Storage of these wastes not only take up a lot of land, and the resulting solid dust piled on the environment caused great harm.
   Red mud is generated during the production of alumina bauxite solid waste, it is estimated that the world produces about 60 million annually T red mud. Of red mud annually more than 400 million t, the national total of stacked 2,000,000,000 yellow t, but the comprehensive utilization rate is only about 15%. Red mud piled up a lot of land and farmland, consume more stacked construction and maintenance costs, and red mud fluoride, alkali and other pollutants in the immersion will be a lot lower dissolution and leaching, pollution of groundwater sources; solid powder will cause dust pollution affecting the ecological environment and human health. Red mud  Ceramic proppant  has been preparing related reports, Yin Guoxun such as the use of red mud as main raw material, supplemented by fly ash, coal gangue and other materials, add a small amount of additives, prepared a new ceramic.
   Comprehensive utilization of solid waste on the current development of China's circular economy has an important significance. For the preparation of oil fracturing proppant industrial waste refers to a higher content of alumina, silica and other useful components of industrial solid wastes such as red mud, fly ash, ceramic roller production wastes.
Preparation of the adoption of these solid waste oil  frac proppant  that can be salvaged, but also protect the environment, the development of oil fracturing proppant in one direction.

The necessity of application of ceramic proppant

The necessity of application of ceramic proppant

 According to the China National Petroleum Corporation Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Langfang Branch fracturing and acidizing technology service center experts from around the world look at the history of oil exploration, shallow wells, infiltration wells mined out almost as fast as the continued exploitation of oil wells , oil and gas wells will be deeper and deeper penetration increasingly weak, do not rely on fracturing is difficult to extract oil, at present, almost all of the oil and gas fields are used ceramic proppant for oil and gas exploration.
   Oil fracturing ceramic  Proppant  can be classified according to particle size range 0.09-0.3mm pink ceramic ,0.30-0 .5 mm small particles of ceramic ,0.5-0 .9 mm ceramic particles and 1.25-0.9mm ceramic four kinds of large particles .
   Oil  fracturing proppant  is mainly used for oil, gas, deep mining, especially depth of 2000 meters above the oil, gas and mining materials must be used, the high-strength  Ceramic proppant  permeability deposits filling cracks in the rock, for high closed fracturing treatment, not because of stress fractures to support the release of closed and, let the oil and gas out from the crack path together, so as to maintain the oil, gas, high conductivity, increasing oil and gas production, to extend the oil, gas well service life, enhanced oil recovery, gas money.

Petroleum proppant production line this material should only be heaven

Petroleum proppant production line this material should only be heaven

  Oil is an important energy source for national development in the industrial production and life of the residents has played an important role. Increasing demand for the exploitation of the difficulty of bringing the appropriate and oil  Proppant  turned out greatly reduces the difficulty of oil, for the modern economic development, petroleum  fracturing proppant  production line irreplaceable role.
  Petroleum proppant notable feature is reasonable layout, process flow, high degree of automation; mechanized joint control operation, low labor intensity; calcination parameters real-time monitoring, product quality is good firing; producing energy than good, low running costs. Oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand production of complete sets of equipment of professional technical support and manufacturing strength for many oil  frac proppant  ceramic sand production enterprise for process improvement and equipment improvements, to join the oil fracturing proppant  Ceramic proppant  production enterprises to provide complete process, equipment programs. Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Also extend the service life of oil and gas wells, lightweight aggregate quality in line with national standards.

Petroleum proppant directly linked with economic development

Petroleum proppant directly linked with economic development

National Twelfth Five-Year Plan has been more emphasis on social development at this stage focus on energy. Oil has controlled the world economic trend, it is an integral part of non-renewable energy industries, China Petroleum storage is less than the Middle East, so the problem is more in the exploitation of technology to improve efficiency in the pursuit of application mode, which for oil frac proppant  production lines bring a broad space for development.
  Also known as oil  fracturing proppant  proppant. Deep mining in the oil and gas, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed together out of the fluid injected into the rock grass at this time need to exceed the formation fracture intensity of pressure on the rock around the wellbore cracks, forming a channel with high flow capacity, in order to maintain open after fracturing the formation of cracks, oil products can smoothly pass. Petroleum  Proppant  into the formation along with high-pressure solution filled in the cracks in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production. Oil fracturing proppant equipment, in  Ceramic proppant  roduction line equipment, based on the reference number of domestic export enterprises proppants used in technical merit, so that oil fracturing proppant ceramic sand production equipment in terms of quality, yield, running costs, etc. have greatly improved.
  This is a state of the oil has been high degree of concern, after many good policies have been introduced for oil proppant encouragement and support, not only to the domestic proppant technical level, but also affect the social and economic development of the country , stage of development of China's economy urgently needs energy logistical support, to improve the efficiency of oil production has more far-reaching significance.

Oil fracturing proppant emerge each break in the international arena


    Oil  Fracturing proppant  to high-quality bauxite as raw materials grinding into powder by crushing with various additives after repeated kneading granulation polished high temperature sintering This product has high compressive strength, low density, good finish high sphericity diversion and other advantages. Oil fracturing proppant fracturing oil and gas wells can extend through the production cycle using simple construction small friction and low cost manufacturing sewing ability.
    Oil fracturing proppant density inside the ceramic porous morphology, composition more uniform and possessed a certain strength and durability which has light weight and good corrosion antifreeze seismic isolation and other multi-functional features ceramic is widely used in ordinary construction find the slope of the roof, insulation layer villas, high-end residential real estate non-bearing wall floor noise insulation is also used to study the bathroom, entertainment and other interior decoration. Underground garage roof greening, green roofs have been widely used type of ceramic layered water drainage system.
    Oil  fracturing proppant  particles is relatively lower density, ease pumped underground. Is generally 0.4 ~ 0.8mm, roundness and sphericity greater than 0.9, and particle uniformity, smooth surface, the haze value should be less than 100 degrees in order to obtain the highest possible conductivity. Oil fracturing proppant particles at a temperature of 200 ° C under the conditions of the fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid chemical reaction does not occur, an acid solubility of the maximum permissible value should be less than 7%.
    Oil fracturing proppant is a  ceramic proppant  is mainly used in fracturing oil wells used. Oil fracturing proppant higher product for ceramic sand, have sufficient strength and wear resistance capacity can withstand the strong injection pressure and friction, and effectively support the artificial cracks. Oil fracturing proppant is a natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other low intensity  Proppant  alternatives for oil and gas production has a positive effect. High fracture strength is mainly used for downhole oil and gas support to increase production are environmentally friendly products.

High quality oil wells to improve the economic benefits of proppant

   Oil  fracturing proppant  production is the oil and gas industry needs is one of the important materials, high-quality oil fracturing proppant to improve the economic benefits of a significant effect, using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and particle analyzer and so on, with bauxite  Ceramic proppant  made   a preliminary study, propose possible ways to improve product quality, can effectively improve the production efficiency ceramic proppant.
   From the current domestic situation, although China is an oil-rich country, there is a certain potential for development; but Chinese oil and gas resources are relatively scarce, per square kilometer of land area resources accumulated control Ming recoverable reserves, remaining recoverable reserves and yield values  , our country are significantly lower than the world average, China's onshore oil and gas resources after nearly half a century of mining, oil and gas fields already in many of the world average, China's onshore oil and gas resources through half centuries of exploitation, many oil and gas fields already in advanced, oil and gas field exploration and development difficulties accumulate.
   In total control Ming China's oil reserves, oil and gas fields and the low permeability oil reservoir occupied Bi weighing more than 50% of the natural production capacity of these reservoirs is poor, mining technical difficulty, high cost and improve the adoption of this oil and gas resources closing speed and recovery, so that it can effectively carry out industrial exploitation of the country's oil security issues have a significant impact. Fracturing technology is an important means of transformation of oil and gas fields, it is the use of artificial methods of the fluid injected into the rock grass roots, to keep the cracks open after fracturing the formation of oil and gas products can smoothly pass, injecting particulate  Proppant  is one important measure, so , the development of high-performance oil and gas proppants draw great significance.

Ceramic sand equipment in perfect footprints left by major industry

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Ceramic sand equipment products, the main application industries:
First, garden flowers
In the landscaping outside to the inside there are many aspects of the ceramic porous, with a certain mechanical strength, water absorption, breathable, holding fertilizer capacity, the formation of many small particles piled together hole, breathable and water, will not harden. Dry state, no dust, flood damage will not collapse, no mud, this matrix is ??far superior to the nature of the soil.
Second, refractories
High refractoriness is a major feature of ceramic series, ceramic itself is by about 1400 ℃ high temperature firing, the use of ceramic preparation of concrete is ordinary concrete refractoriness more than four times. Refractory period of the same, the concrete plate thickness 20% thinner than ordinary concrete.
Three, petrochemical
fracturing proppant ( ceramic proppant ) to high-quality bauxite as main raw material, finely ground into powder after crushing, with various additives, repeated mixing, granulating, polished, high temperature sintering, the products are resistant to high pressure, low density, good sphericity, finish high flow capacity and other advantages.
Fourth, insulation materials
Since the production of ceramic Lytag device density, internal porous, shape, composition more uniform, and possessed a certain strength and robustness, which has light weight, corrosion resistance, frost, shock and good barrier properties and other Features,
Five, sewage treatment
Since ceramic particles are spherical, uniform size, the appearance of red-brown, microporous surface, internal mesh criss-cross, has a strong adsorption effect, it is an advanced ceramic filter water filter, both for in urban and industrial water treatment, but also to adapt in metallurgy, petroleum, chemical industry, textile industry wastewater biological treatment.

Affecting domestic and foreign Ceramic proppant products

From 2011,  Ceramic proppant  is home to the most mentioned words, what is the Ceramic proppant it  Ceramic proppant  oil industry professional products, its main purpose is to use fracturing technology, oil and gas wells and underground rock fractures diversion play a supporting role in oil and gas wells to achieve high yield and resource tapping purposes. Ceramic proppant as the best oil exploration  Proppant  is widely used at home and abroad in recent years, Ceramic proppant market in a serious shortage situation, especially the huge demand for foreign markets. Ceramic proppant through the material: Shattered - Mixed - Grinding - granulation - calcination - Cooling - screening and other complex process and made, Ceramic proppant has a smaller particle size, light weight, pressure, able permeable characteristics. Used in oil exploration  frac proppant  sand degree generally 1mm to 2mm or so, precisely because of this fine granularity granulation, resulting in a Ceramic proppant production line efficiency bottleneck. So how do you solve this dilemma

     Ceramic sand granulation stage bottlenecks in the industry has been unable to be solved, until early 2011 developed a second-generation high-granulator, instead of the traditional manual fully mechanized granulation granulation, more uniform, more efficient, better grain type , the second generation of GeIL Heavy successful development of efficient granulator, completely solve the bottleneck of ceramic sand granulation stage, this granulation technology development to improve the ceramic sand production line process made outstanding contributions. Efficient use of second-generation rotary granulator mixing vessel technology combines advanced granulation process can be widely used ceramics, glass, building materials, chemical industry and other fields. The device has: mixed materials evenly mixture stability, mixing time is short, wear small, simple structure, diverse, granulation convenient control features, is an integral ceramic sand production line equipment China from the 1950s began developed ceramic, has worked in Shanghai, Shandong Zibo build kilns ceramic trial, in 1966, China's Tianjin, silicate products plant built in China's first industrial ceramic production lines, with a sintering machine production Lytag. Since then, China in the 1970s gradually built up more than a dozen Methodist sintered ceramic production line, so that our ceramic shape. Since then the market has not formed of ceramic applications, so the development of ceramic has been set limits and impact. 80s from the 20th century, China began to focus on the development of ceramic rotary kiln expansion to clay and shale as raw materials, production continues to rise. Because clay, shale consumption of natural resources, although products lightweight, but does not meet the principles of sustainable development. After entering the new century, China's ceramic entered a new stage of development, lytag gained unprecedented development, and the emergence of new energy-efficient unburned ceramic craft, ceramic annual sharply.

Mobil Corporation to accelerate shale oil and gas field, increased demand for ceramic proppant

Exxon Mobil Corp. will spend $ 2.6 billion acquisition of Canadian oil and gas explorer Celtic Exploration Company. Acquisition of businesses including Celtic Exploration Company in British Columbia Montney  shale gas  field area, Alberta Duvernay shale gas areas and other areas of Alberta shale gas field. Currently, Celtic Exploration company shale gas blocks to produce 2.04 million cubic meters / day of natural gas and 4,000 barrels / day of crude oil and natural gas condensate, is expected to total reserves of 1.28 billion barrels of oil equivalent. 2010 ExxonMobil to spend $ 41 billion acquisition of XTO Energy Inc., plans to invest in the next five years $ 158 billion for the production of oil and gas.  shale gas  assets in Alberta, Canada has a local company or will become the main target of M & A transactions.
Shale oil and gas field exploration will also increase the demand for petroleum  Ceramic proppant   ceramic proppant (bauxite ceramic) investment will usher in a new boom.

Ceramic proppant equipment repellent application

Ceramic proppant sand equipment produced  Ceramic proppant  waterproofing agent added: waterproofing agent may preferably fatty acid compound class, the other cut capillary waterproofing agents can also be used, such as the four base silanol sodium. Improved pumping technology: Because ceramic highly absorbent, after the preparation of the concrete block and was able to absorb a lot of water in the concrete pumping loss of mobility and difficult, problem caused by the application to their construction.

If the preparation of a large Ceramic proppant concrete pumping liquidity, has been eager to solve the technical problems at home and abroad. Which improves the pumping of the following four methods. When these four methods are used together, can better solve their basic problems pumping superplasticizer added: This is the most effective method. Superplasticizer good errand water plasticizing properties, adding later can greatly improve the fluidity of concrete so easy  ceramic   concrete pumping. First of polycarboxylate superplasticizer, others such as FDN, SM, UNF etc. can be used, the amount of cement is about 0.5%! 1%.

Adding fly ash: fly ash particles are hard tight smooth glass beads, as the ball bearing, with good lubricating effect, can greatly improve the fluidity and physical block, in particular in water and superplasticizer used in conjunction with the situation, the better. Fly ash should be used in one, two, or finely ground gray ash (specific surface area 400m2/kg), its cement content of 10% to 20%. Ceramic proppant pre-wet: Ceramic proppant pre-wet 0.5h more, you can make it up to a certain degree of water saturation, reduce their pens and a large number of absorbent material inside. The longer the pre-wet, the better pumping. Can be pre-wet water, soaked in water, pressurized soaked three methods. Use water activity: using magnetized water activity also improves concrete pumping. Magnetization magnetized machine-made active water availability.

Oil fracturing proppant: Simple to understand oil fracturing ceramic proppant Research

Oil  Fracturing proppant   Development Background: oil fracturing proppant is the use of layers deep rock fractures remain split state supports, its role is to proppant fracture walls, so stop the pump column after the bottomhole pressure When the pressure drops below the closed eye leading to cracks in oil and gas wells remain open. Oil and gas wells inject  Proppant  is intended to improve the ability to penetrate the reservoir to increase oil production. Since 1947, hydraulic fracturing technology in the United States successfully tested so far has 60 years of development, the proppant material is also changed a lot. 1950s and 1960s, aluminum balls, plastic balls, walnut shells, glass beads are used to effect the proppant material to use, but because of their own shortcomings have been eliminated. Currently used mainly  Frac sand  proppant and ceramic.

Oil fracturing  ceramic proppant  development status: As oil  fracturing proppant ，  ceramic sand sand with relatively low density, ease of construction pumping, low price advantages. However, there are low strength, easily broken, low sphericity and surface finish, is not conducive to permeation of oil guide shortcomings. Therefore,  Frac sand  only for shallow, low closure pressure hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas layers. For deep low permeability reservoirs, as deeply buried reservoirs, formation closure pressure is high, the temperature is higher, the main use of artificial ceramic proppant, ceramic proppant is prepared spherical particles of ceramic raw materials. According to the production process can be divided into two categories: melt blowing method and the sintering method. Ceramic prepared by melt blowing is bauxite, auxiliary materials mixture, melted at high temperatures, high pressure gas injection into beads obtained.

Tan new oil fracturing proppant Development

Fracturing technology for worldwide oil production plays a very important role, while oil f fracturing proppant  fracturing technology is the ability to obtain oil key to success. High proppant for crude petroleum play an important role. Oil fracturing proppant, is to make deep geological formations rock fractures remain split state supports, particle size 0.4 ~ 0.9mm, there is a certain roundness and sphericity. During use, the  Proppant  fracturing fluid mixed with the use of coercion injected deep cracks in the rock strata support in order to improve oil derivative, increase oil production.

At present, the domestic use more   Frac sand ，  sand, but their strength is low, only for shallow wells mined. If the proppant used in deep, it would be difficult with the formation pressure, and formation tremendous variety of corrosion in the environment will be a lot of broken, broken rate is generally 15% to 25%, but prevents the outflow of oil is difficult to meet the well requirements. Internationally (such as the U.S.) to use more sintered corundum products, but this system on the mouth although the physical and chemical properties to meet the requirements, but the sources of raw materials difficult, complicated process, and the high energy consumption and high cost.

We use rich bauxite resources in Guizhou, with special accessories, through a small test lab, get a new proppant basically achieve the desired purpose.
One of the main raw material bauxite proppant.
Accessories:
Of the finished product to achieve the desired effect, different materials can be added for sintering.
1, TiO2: can promote the sintering, the sintering temperature is lower, significantly saving energy.
2, chromite: A good crystallinity agent be added to the raw material can promote the sintering, to improve the hardness and strength of proppant.
3, magnetite: Chemical composition of Fe3O4, the charge can be adjusted by adding the charge of black iron oxide content, the lower the melt viscosity, improve crystallinity, to improve the mechanical strength of the proppant.
4, boron, boron phosphate, and other boron compounds, to promote removal of alkali from the alumina.
Second, the charge mix design
1, based on ingredients
Select the ingredients should be simple, in order to meet the melt viscosity, melting temperature, crystallization, shrinkage, etc., the proppant used MgO ~ AL2O3-SiO2 system to eventually corundum crystalline phase precipitates principle ingredient point selection near the corundum The chemical composition, the chemical composition of the main raw material thus should be controlled.
Ingredients and fear using different materials ratio on the performance of the proppant play a decisive role. Sintered materials are usually mixed materials accounted for about 30% by weight, the best matching accessories and Ingredients different process than the range of conditions. Sintered proppant application of the following requirements:
a, the proppant should have a high breaking strength and low rates.
b, proppant should have good chemical stability, especially in acid corrosion.
c, proppant material should have good stability sintering, at lower sintering temperatures.
d, to minimize brittleness proppant.
Four, into a ball craft
In this study, using a special process into a ball, ceramic sand process as follows: the mixture into the crushing device, crushed to a certain size, then add to the mixing device, mixing ground into finer powder having an average particles of uniform diameter of less than 15 microns dry. Adding a sufficient amount of water, and the mixture was stirred, to which labeled wet powder, trapped material 10h, balls made of wet powder, and put into a ball machine, intermittently sprayed into mist, when the cue ball appears, intermittent, alternately adding dry and mist, and strictly control the amount of added dry mist of time, so that the cue ball gradually reach the required size. Good spheroids of 100 to 300 degrees drying temperature until the moisture content of pellets <3%, preferably <1%. Optimum drying temperature of 175 to 275 degrees, the drying time of 30 to 60 minutes.
Fifth, the crystallization annealing process
Crystallization and annealing process carried out in the tunnel kiln. Roundness sorting meet the requirements of pellets at room temperature, the tunnel kiln for sintering. In the sintering process to strictly control the sintering time and temperature.
Six, physical and chemical properties of proppants
Phase composition: can be observed under a polarizing microscope to microcrystalline corundum phase 55.5% ~ 82.5%, 17.5% to 45% of the residual glass phase.
Grain size, sphericity and roundness: This experiment made of more than 95% of the proppant particles, particle size range of 0.45 ~ 0.9mm, wherein 0.45 ~ 0.75mm about 4%, 0.75 ~ 0.85mm about 8% , 0.9mm accounting for about 83%, in accordance with the required size proppant targets. 96% pellets, roundness and sphericity of 0.9, in line with the American Petroleum Institute APIR-60 ball and roundness of recommendation.
Broken rate: According APIR-60 Recommended test methods, 10 times proppant crushing test, after testing, the average crushing rate of 4.1%, better than APIR-60 recommended standard value of 10%.
Chemical stability: The chemical stability of the support primarily to evaluate the acid resistance, the support agent in an acid solubility of 4.54%, better than recommended APIR-60 standard value of 5.5%.
VII Conclusion
Bauxite as the main raw material, with special accessories made of charge, by melting into a ball and a special heat treatment process for the development of a new type of proppant fracturing proppant can meet the technical specifications of the requirements for in providing more excellent deep fracturing proppant, there is greater economic and social benefits.
 c, to ceramic sand equipment produced ceramic sand waterproofing agent added: waterproofing agent may preferably fatty acid compound class, the other cut capillary waterproofing agents can also be used, such as the four base silanol sodium.
4, pumping improved techniques: Because ceramic highly absorbent, after the preparation of the concrete block and was able to absorb a lot of water in the concrete pumping loss of mobility and difficult, problem caused by the application to their construction. If the preparation of a large ceramic concrete pumping liquidity, has been eager to solve the technical problems at home and abroad. Ceramic sand manufacturers to improve its pumping method has the following four. When these four methods are used together, can better solve their basic pumping problems.
a, adding superplasticizer: This is the most effective method. Superplasticizer good errand water plasticizing properties, adding later can greatly improve the fluidity of concrete so easy ceramic concrete pumping. First of polycarboxylate superplasticizer, others such as FDN, SM, UNF etc. can be used, the amount of cement is about 0.5%! 1%.
b, adding fly ash: fly ash particles are hard tight smooth glass beads, as the ball bearing, with good lubricating effect, can greatly improve the fluidity and physical block, in particular in and efficient superplasticizer used in conjunction with the case, the better. Fly ash should be used in one, two, or finely ground gray ash (specific surface area 400m2/kg), its cement content of 10% to 20%.
c, ceramic pre-wet: ceramic pre-wet 0.5h more, you can make it up to a certain degree of water saturation, reduce their pens and a large number of absorbent material inside. The longer the pre-wet, the better pumping. Can be pre-wet water, soaked in water, pressurized soaked three methods.
d, with active water: using magnetized water activity also improves concrete pumping. Magnetization magnetized machine-made active water availability.

Ceramic proppant equipment expansion model theory and guiding significance

1,  Ceramic proppant   correctly grasp the gas evolution: gas evolution is the fundamental factor of expansion Ceramic proppant, it's essential to correctly grasp. Expansion model theory allows us to design or process control in the recipe, can be more accurately grasp the ceramic body fat bad gas, so that the liquid is always being neither completely inhibited the expansion force to meet the requirements, but also have a certain The release, shrinkage reducing the pressure, and does not cause a lot of gas escape, the liquid phase of its inhibition difficult. This is the raw material gas composition of hair is particularly important.

2, correctly grasp the liquid volume and viscosity of the liquid: liquid volume and liquid viscosity is ceramic Ceramic  Proppant  equipment produced the most basic conditions to form a good swell. If the liquid is insufficient, it can not produce a large amount of gas wrapping body, if the liquid is too large, it will be too strong inhibition, leaving the gas expansion force is excessively suppressed, ceramic green body can not be expansion. The viscosity of the liquid also have a great influence on the expansion, the greater the viscosity of the gas, the stronger the inhibition. When the liquid viscosity is too small, the restraining force of the gas can not reach, the body produces excess gases to escape. Ceramic to swell it up. When the viscosity is too large, the restraining forces and excessive gases ceramic body blanks may be completely suppressed, ceramic expansion also not up.

Expansion model theory can guide us to correctly grasp the amount of liquid and liquid viscosity, roasting manipulation it has to have some of the expansion of early inhibition, so that most of the gas can not escape, resulting in some blanks in vivo expansion pressure, will a small amount of gas to escape, to create conditions for the late systolic pressure. It is not too big and not too small, should be resisted in order to achieve this effect as the standard. We can design accordingly formulation and process control.

3, correctly grasp the expansion section of different technical characteristics: If no expansion mode theoretical guidance, we may make the hair is always in the air surrounded by liquid state suppressed or let hair escaping gas has been in a strong state, and to promote best expanded condition. If expansion mode with new theories to guide production practices, we will let the gases produced by body, neither has been in a state of being surrounded suppressed, nor handling the escape state. Contraction pressure conditions created later in the later expansion of the gas pressure is less than the liquid surface tension of service, in a suppressed state and contract under reduced pressure, and to close the opening hole, thinning, forming the front expansion retrusion process.

The internal structure of Ceramic proppant honeycomb was fine pores are closed and the

           Anything, as long hanging hook and resources, it must sell particularly hot, oil is the first one. So ceramic sand as  Proppant  is not used in conjunction with an intuitive play an important job.


             Ceramic proppant  particle size is usually 5 ~ 20mm maximum diameter of 25mm. Generally used to replace the ceramic stick in concrete rubble and pebbles.

            Because a lot of the production of Ceramic proppant  raw materials, Ceramic proppant there are many varieties, and thus also a lot of color. Unburned solid waste used in Ceramic proppant due to different colors, usually gray and black, no gloss surface, as firing Ceramic proppant smooth.

             Sex is a lot of lightweight Ceramic proppant excellent performance in the most important point is that it can replace the main reason for the heavy sand. The internal structure of Ceramic proppant honeycomb was fine pores. These pores are closed and not communicating type.

ceramic proppant oil's role in a very large

     ceramic proppant role in oil exploration is very large, but it is currently the largest demand for  ceramic proppant  varieties. Use only in flower cultivation areas, in many respects, has a huge role. Now we look at is how ceramic proppant used in oil exploration in the.

        Oil and gas deep mining, the high closure pressure low permeability deposits by fracturing treatment, the rock cracked hydrocarbon, oil and gas from the cracks formed in the channel pooling out. Alumina support material with a solution into the formation along with the high-pressure filling fissures in the rock, play a supporting fissure is closed not because of the role of stress release, thereby maintaining high conductivity, so that gas flow, increase production.

        ceramic proppant of our country, not only in our country has great use in the United States in our country ceramic proppant also plays an important role. ceramic proppant in the U.S. market occupies an important position in our country has become an important economic to source.
   
        ceramic  Proppant  could be so good development, then ceramic proppant production line is also played a key role. To produce such a good ceramic proppant, they can be used for exploitation of oil, in more places to play an excellent role.

Ceramic proppant is also environmentally friendly products contribute significantly in the oil exploitation

  Ceramic proppant  is also a very useful environmentally friendly products, it occupies in oil exploration very important position. With Ceramic proppant, can be very good to increase oil and gas production. And he also belongs to a ceramic particle product with very high fracture strength for our country's economic development has made tremendous contributions.

        In oil exploration in such an important role, then the Ceramic proppant production equipment is to be timely to do maintenance work. In fact, good enough for Ceramic proppant equipment life and their own characteristics but also have great relevance, in order to prolong the service life of Ceramic proppant equipment must be for their own characteristics to operate.

        In fact, Ceramic  Proppant  equipment in the operation has a great feature is the cross-section of solid material filling rate is very low, but there are many advantages of it, it can handle a very wide particle size distribution of solid materials in the Ceramic proppant production areas inside play an irreplaceable role.

Ceramic proppant appears to "float" phenomenon would lead to what kind of consequences

      Bulk cement mortar will generally be heavier than  Ceramic proppant   so the vibration when some light  Ceramic proppant  will appear floating on the specimen surface phenomenon.

Once this occurs,  Ceramic proppant  mix concrete objects will appear the phenomenon of segregation, which would not be able to get a good result in strength and appearance.
       In its concrete formation process, shale sand, water and other smaller proportion of the part will go up, a larger proportion of the cement paste and fine aggregate but it will sink, causing uneven concrete, making Ceramic proppant its composition on the concrete different positions are different.
        Thus forming a  Ceramic proppant  concrete at the macro and meso hierarchical structure on the inside and outside, which reduces the strength of concrete Ceramic proppant, while its impermeability, frost resistance, carbonation erosion, chemical resistance and other properties are also seriously affected.
        In order to improve this phenomenon, in the preparation of  Ceramic Proppant  concrete, the need to control the movement of the water and light aggregates, water, and prevent the free movement of lightweight aggregate.

ceramic proppant quality directly affects net income of wells

       The quality of ceramic proppant wells will directly affect net income, although the cost of ceramic proppant wells in the entire construction cost of the share is not large, but with oil  Fracturing proppant  role, will make wells stimulation effect is very obvious, but also greatly enhance the fracture conductivity.

       In order to be able to better oil fracturing agent role well, so well to achieve better results, the performance of ceramic proppant will have certain requirements. Which called  ceramic proppant  particles relative density is lower, it will be more easy to pump into the underground.

        ceramic proppant in the well utilized, required to meet the ceramic proppant has sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance, can endure by injected under strong pressure and friction, and effective support artificial cracks.

        The particle size of the ceramic proppant have certain requirements, the  Proppant  particles at a temperature of 200 degrees under the condition with the fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid chemical reaction does not occur, an acid solubility of the maximum permissible value should be less than 7%.

        ceramic proppant if we can supply adequate, endless supply of oil, there will be a greater competitive advantage, low price is more exploration wells will bring big benefits. In short, the ceramic proppant if the quality is good, it will bring greater benefits to the wells. We have developed more high-performance ceramic proppant there will be more meaningful.

World Energy in red chips - unconventional gas

        Increasing depletion of global energy, looking for a replacement for existing energy has slowly become more and more countries, research topics, natural gas has become an important direction for the development of new energy sources, reduce technology costs and management costs  unconventional gas  development and utilization of key .

        According to the data, the global unconventional gas as conventional natural gas resources in the amount of 4.56 times the technology is mature, unconventional gas energy can be converted into conventional energy development. If coal is carbon resources, oil is carbon resources,  unconventional gas  low-carbon energy resources is the most realistic. Because of its low-carbon, clean, green, low pollution characteristics, development and technology has become more sophisticated, new energy development has become an
important direction.

      shale gas  reservoirs with generally showed low porosity and low permeability material characteristics, resistance to airflow than conventional natural gas large, all of the wells need to implement reservoir fracturing to be mined, mining is very difficult. More advanced air drilling techniques，Hydraulic fracturing.

ceramic proppant to improve oil production was reduced mining costs in the oil industry plays an important role

    ceramic proppant Even though it is small, but its effect is very large. In soilless culture in which you can see its busy figure, but also in the fire, insulation, insulation and other problems of modern construction also has unusual achievements. But today we look at it in the oil industry in the invincible effect.

        As petroleum  Proppant   ceramic proppant in order to maximize access to oil resources, improve oil production, reduce production costs, the oil industry has played a very important role. It can be said ceramic proppant widely used in oil exploration of new materials, and the quality of ceramic proppant is used as the effect of proppant key elements.

       After seeing ceramic proppant important role, we should also recognize that today's enterprise proppant materials used are also more, but most of the  ceramic proppant  production companies use as the main raw material bauxite, manganese is also used powder, calcite and other auxiliary materials, and these materials fast and accurate detection of the organization process recipe, improve product quality, enhance quality control, an important basis to reduce production costs.

        Proppant for oil in the raw materials, semi-finished and finished products testing methods to the relevant national standard methods for chemical analysis and the widely used rapid multi-element analyzer. But the method of detection based on national standards, a long time, the higher the cost of testing, operator error is large, is our country's precious oil wealth, ceramic proppant oil exploitation in the huge role that we see, produce a good ceramic manufacturers of ceramic proppant is our bounden duty.

About ceramic proppant industry in the country's development process and the existing problems

Ceramic abroad widely used industrially time earlier, mainly due to the impact of the First World War. In a post-war building with the advances in technology, ceramic production is expanding. In the 1960s ushered in a golden period of ceramic. China began industrial production of ceramic in 1996 in Tianjin, built the first industrial ceramic production lines. In the 21st century, I had a rapid pace of development of ceramic industry, the annual growth of more than 15 per cent.

China's accession to WTO, the  ceramic proppant  industry is facing new opportunities and challenges. Foreign high-end ceramic proppant products enter the Chinese market, many companies can not meet the complex situation of market competition. In order to deal with the crisis many petroleum  Proppant  of foreign enterprises to strengthen technical exchanges.

After 2010, China's ceramic proppant companies have sprung up, as China's overall economic growth has contributed to, but a noteworthy phenomenon is the high-end ceramic proppant market share is not growing, but foreign manufacturers the rapid development of China's economy to seize the opportunity to seize the high ground, our domestic enterprises do not form large industry gathering, the distribution is relatively idle everywhere, not very technically advanced products mainly low-end ceramic proppant products, for it is at this stage may have to go through a process, but we must recognize that in order to become bigger, stronger ceramic proppant industry, China's enterprises must ceramic proppant with advanced technology, equipment and processes to capture the market , to get out of China and the world.

Ceramic proppant industry in the Chinese economy in the value of sustainable development

      2011 China's economy has maintained rapid and steady development, people's living standards improve, but energy issues have gradually become pressing up. We all know that economic development in the energy industry for a very high degree of dependence, why Korea's economic development is slow, or even regressed, one important reason is that the UN economic embargo against North Korea, not North Korea must import oil and other energy products. Oil, coal is an important driving force of economic development. In China itself is a lean state, that is, where there is oil geological conditions are very bad, so high-performance Ceramic proppant is critical materials of oil exploitation, we must produce the best performance of the strongest Ceramic  Proppant ，  the less affluent country itself as the exploitation of oil clean, this is the Ceramic proppant industry in the sustainable development of China's economy in value.

The world's major oil-exporting countries for their own long-term national development and economic interests have limited exploitation of oil and oil export prices are also rising fast, because oil is a non-renewable resources, such as some Middle East countries have actually started in this regard action, although China's coal reserves are abundant, but the strategic petroleum irreplaceable. Most rely on China's oil imports, once imported oil prices and supply in terms of quantity problems, then our economy will be hurt. So a moment to study alternative energy,such as unconventional gas， another important way is to encourage the development of Ceramic proppant industry, producing high-performance Ceramic proppant, as far as our country less affluent oil clean.