Fracturing proppants main purposes

Ultra lightweight proppant can be widely used in fracturing proppant fracturing deep, high-pressure oil and gas layers. High quality bauxite, the main raw material crushing finely ground into powder after, with various additives, repeatedly mixing, granulating, polishing. High temperature sintering, frac sand the product has a high compressive strength, low density, good sphericity, finish high conductivity and strong advantages. By the China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Langfang Branch support evaluation laboratory testing, the performance indicators fully meet SY / T5108-2006, SY / T6302-1997 standard, currently in the lead.Divided by the proppant sand manufacturers

 bulk density: low-density, medium density and high density.To meet the needs of domestic and international oil and gas wells, deep wells user can choose different intensity and different specifications.

Taoli sand seismic performance and insulation performance

Ceramsite concrete due to the quality of light, low elastic modulus, resistance to deformation performance is good, so has good seismic performance, ceramsite sand around a number of brick buildings are in different degrees by the earthquake. Although it is associated with building structure system, but the frac sand companies concrete has excellent seismic performance is also an important reason. 1976 Italian LiuLi area of strong earthquake with a magnitude 9, statistics show that the brick building damage rate was 40% ~ 40%, the frame structure of clay brick building the damage rate was 33%, and ceramsite concrete building damage rate is only 5%. Ceramsite ceramsite sand seismic performance thus, heat preservation, heat insulation frac sand due to internal porous, so it has good insulation, the thermal conductivity of concrete prepared with it, as a general rule, be 0.3 ~ 0.8 W/(mok), 1 ~ 2 times lower than the normal concrete. Ceramsite architecture has good thermal environment, according to the test for many times, ceramsite sand ceramsite concrete permeability resistance is better than that of ordinary concrete. With 20 mpa ceramsite concrete and ordinary concrete, for example, by comparing multiple tests, ordinary concrete impermeability index for B6, and can achieve B18 ceramsite concrete is to B25.

Support the artificial fracture of proppant

Is the purpose of the hydraulic fracturing with frac sand companiesin formation formed a support of the artificial fracture, high to low permeability reservoir capacity. Proppant, and in the process of fracturing pump injection into the formation, due to the fracturing liquid carrying, reservoir water and the existence of condensate water, led to the fracturing proppant has been in the process of the production and formation water in the process of soaking, according to the conventional experimental methods selection under the condition of proppant can meet the needs of the actual reservoir percolation relations become reservoir optimization designers need to consider the problem. In this paper the present fracturing acidizing fracture diverting capacity test and analysis system, for the first time in a simulated formation water environment of formation water after soaking frac sand crushing rate, compares the flow conductivity performance evaluation experiment, for proppant fracturing stimulation in more optimal selection provides certain reference basis. A, experimental apparatus and principle 1. The experimental apparatus in haian oil machinery factory production of fracturing acidizing fracture diverting capacity test and analysis system, the instrument can simulate the formation temperature and pressure, training room, in accordance with API standard design, proppant crushing rate experiment used broken reference oil formulated the industry standard SY/T5108-2006.

Loose sand reservoir fracturing proppant grain filling

Loose sand strata fracturing proppant size filling optimizing fracturing technique is implemented in loose sandstone formation, after, if serious proppant embed and sand invasion in frac sand quantities, pack diverting capacity will be greatly, fracture failure acceleration, and both are closely related to the particle size of proppant. Data show that in soft formation, the particle size of proppant on embedded influence is very big, but not for in-depth study. Traditional gravel pack sand control, Saucier rule is not suitable for sand control selection criteria, the site construction, fracturing proppant to enlarge standards, such as 6 ~ 8 times, 7 ~ 9 times, even more is better, but still no unified standard. The author in view of the implementation of king county oilfield fracturing pack two loose sand high permeability reservoirs, through the design of proppant in soft formation embedding and cracks in the wall and the end of the sand contamination test, proppant size optimization. 1 test proppant embedded in soft formation and fracture surface of sand contamination of test device makes full use of FCES - 100 type fracture flow meter, homemade loose sand rock plate, designed to simulate the formation of cracks in the wall embedded and sand contamination test,

Unconventional gas

Should also include unconventional gas does not involve all function and process of organic reaction generated hydrocarbons or non hydrocarbon gas, they belong to the abiogenic gas. Gaza fracturing with multiple fracturing sand, in the domestic main using ceramsite sand and quartz sand is the most popular way is mainly oil field production ~ ~ ~ and oilfield chemical drugs frac sand companies known as the melon glue adhesive, glue, and then pressed ceramsite to the formation of cracks, and then oil can through the flow channel is formed frac sand ceramsite. Ceramsite fracturing proppant high-quality clay as the main raw material made of fine ground into powder, match with various additives, repeated practice, granulating, polishing, high temperature sintering, the product has high crushing strength, low density, good sphericity, high smoothness, diversion ability, etc. Ceramsite sand belongs to a kind of oil fracturing proppant, relative to ordinary quartz sand proppant, its strong compression ability, low broken rate, it is mainly used for deep well fracturing.

Proppant fracturing production of oil and gas of low permeability oil and gas well drilling an important new technology to increase production

Proppant fracturing production of oil and gas of low permeability oil and gas well drilling an important new technology to increase production. Proppant (fracturing proppant) construction of key materials. Proppant fracturing fluid into and support in the crevice of fracturing formation, thus effectively will import of oil and gas oil and gas Wells, increase oil and gas production and extend the life of the well. Proppant for a certain particle size and size distribution of natural sand and artificial high strength ceramic particles. Ceramsite support (ceramic proppant) with bauxite as raw material, through the powder granulating, sintering, high temperature resistance, high pressure, frac sand companies resistance, high strength, high conductivity, low density, low breakage rate and other characteristics, the most widely used. In the sand and ceramsite surface coating resin, to further improve the strength and performance of proppant. The type of proppant fracturing proppant can be roughly divided into natural and man-made two kinds big. The former is represented by quartz sand, the latter is often called frac sand proppant.

The purpose of lightweight ceramsite and usage

Use and usage of lightweight frac sand companies: lightweight ceramsite backfill for building construction key points of the main characteristics and excellent performance of lightweight ceramsite light weight, large cylinder compressive strength, bibulous rate is small, low thermal conductivity, used for building lavatory basin, bath crock backfill, replace the used sand and gravel packing, thereby significantly reducing floor load, reduce the settlement due to packing, water absorption, leakage phenomenon caused by the surface cracking, and frac sand construction speed is quick, simple construction, construction can keep the floor clean, clean. Because of light weight, can also reduce material lifting and transport. Therefore, lightweight ceramsite is the most ideal in industrial and civil buildings back to packing.

Who created the illusion of U.S. energy independence

Pipeline capacity shortage and long-term downturn in  unconventional gas  prices , has led to a serious loss of shale gas producers , like the American flag has been the appeal of shale gas magnate Chesapeake also had to sell because of the long-term trouble, " Shale Gas Revolution" overly optimistic debt acquired assets . Only in 2012 the company sold $ 12 billion on shale gas and related assets, in order to improve its deteriorating financial position. Even so , the company's financial position had not been able to completely improve , but instead become an acquisition target .

Many former glory shale gas companies because there is not enough capacity to carry their shale gas production , the focus had shifted back towards the hydraulic fracturing of shale oil -containing reservoir layer in an attempt to start when the high crude oil prices and more Some shale oil output to compensate for the early development of shale gas alone when losses.frac sand Thus, on the one hand , the U.S. Energy Information Administration of the international benchmark oil from West Texas Intermediate crude oil (WTI) to Brent (Brent), to interfere with the audio-visual ; the other hand, they passed the New York crude oil trading market financial engineering tools WTI oil prices will stabilize in the long-term $ 95 a barrel, up and down , making investments in shale oil saw a ray of hope . Therefore, the oilfield services company received a large number of drilling contracts , shale oil rig count is rising rapidly. As of April 12 , the total number of U.S. shale oil drilling additional 2% , shale oil rig 30 new units, a total of 1,387 units, a record high but also the 1492 units. " Shale oil revolution" gave the American dream of energy independence for the hypnosis.

Issuing burning permits, lack of venture capital and investment capacity control has become a U.S. " revolution ," the knot and become another battlefield game system . If left unchecked, shale oil production continues to increase , the total flaring will continue to increase . If the expansion of natural gas pipelines , investment risk and difficult to control . And rely on income from oil and gas exploration licenses to obtain considerable state governments are unwilling to give up this piece of shale oil sources . North Dakota Industrial Commission spokesman bluntly, " If we pass to limit production methods to reduce oil flaring , then we cash income from oil will be reduced to the original level of 1/ 5 ."

Therefore, both the U.S. shale gas revolution, or because of shale oil production caused by the illusion of American energy independence ,frac proppant or a " vertical separation model" pipeline transportation system arrangement, are hidden whether the United States toward resource industries major political geography game and choice.

If you do not carefully study the history of American institutional arrangements of the game , do not understand the technical and economic , is only to study its legislative literal meaning , not only the United States can not effectively learn advanced legislation and the essence of the game , Ceramic proppant and there are likely to mislead his country's decision-makers, particularly in China shale gas industry development process.

Short-term investments in shale gas investments microscopic effective exit channels urgent need to establish

Hot shale gas investments attracted many non-energy sector enterprises have been involved in shale gas blocks tender , hoping to enter the field of energy . However, according to insiders , China's shale gas investment to 2021-2030 before realization of benefits . Since the state on shale gas mining right transfer channels has not been established , shale gas  easily invest several hundred million dollars for exploration blocks , and ultimately how to achieve transfer and continue investing , the policy has yet to be perfected.
"Twelve Five" goal difficult to complete

" The reason why hot shale gas in China , because many enterprises to the field of energy resource development as breaking the monopoly in the energy sector an important opportunity for the Nuggets ." One engaged in shale gas development said . However, in the seemingly popular block bidding behind many of the industry was not optimistic about shale gas investment in the short-term benefits , and even that shale gas "second five " development goals will come to nothing.

It is understood that , since 2009, the Ministry of Land , the local geological survey department , oil and gas companies and a total of 129 completed the drilling of shale gas through  Hydraulic fracturing  and tested over Wan Fang 23 Nissan , Nissan超过10 Articles 7 , test drilling 4 , 2012 the annual output of about 2,500 Articles.

2012 in some shale gas resource appraisal wells to achieve a commercial pilot production, and has basically mastered the key technology of shale gas development . According to statistics , as of the end of the first quarter of this year , China's shale gas exploration has invested more than 70 billion yuan, more than 80 port construction drilling , horizontal wells more than 20 ports, and in Sichuan, Chongqing and other places to get the high-yielding wells. 2012 natural gas pipeline network through the 15 million cubic meters of shale gas sales , total sales of 30 million cubic meters .

PetroChina said , from the current production perspective , shale gas resources to achieve the "Twelfth Five Year Plan" identified in the 2015 production of 6.5 billion cubic meters of shale gas difficult . The source believes that the development of shale gas resource of accurate knowledge also requires a process , and complete the formation of the mature development technology also take some time . In addition, the base pipe network, the consumer market , property market and so there is a process of cultivation , current mining economy is difficult to assess .

Urgent need to establish property rights transfer channels

Although shale gas development vision worth the wait, but industry experts believe that the recent focus should be on control over resources , form a perfect matching technology , culture consumption and property markets, and should not rush to promote industrialization , but also need 5-10 years to realize large-scale industrialization of shale gas development .

"The current state only the tender is not perfect, if there is no exit channels , investors will have concerns ." PetroChina believes that shale gas resources in the formation process,frac sand if the enterprises are unwilling to subsequent exploitation , there should be an appropriate exit channel , namely the establishment of a sound shale gas mineral rights transfer market, so that the smooth continuation investment in order for enterprises to eliminate worries.

From the previous two shale gas tender results, the state-owned enterprises are the winning absolute main . Including coal power companies and energy investments directly under local or geological systems Enterprise swept the second tender bid for 19 blocks of 17 , obtained three exploration ; participate in the tender during the initial 83 companies, accounting for up to private enterprise 1/ 3 , but only two bid. ASIACHEM that kicked off this year is expected in the third round of shale gas exploration tender will continue to be state-owned enterprises.

McCarthy : coal in the energy mix is still important to the United States

U.S. President Barack Obama picked the next U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, Gina ? McCarthy (Gina McCarthy) days prior to the Senate panel that coal will remain in the United States to occupy an important position in the energy mix , and therefore the implementation of new coal-fired plants pollution regulations in the process ,hydraulic fracturing the EPA will adopt a flexible strategy . According to Reuters, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plans to promote new legislation as soon as possible to curb carbon emissions from power plants , is now in charge of its field of Air and Radiation, McCarthy was Assistant Secretary of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, where Republican members questioned. McCarthy was born in Boston, are striving for the Senate's approval in order to become successful in February this year of former EPA Administrator Lisa ? Jackson (Lisa Jackson) successor. McCarthy said : "Coal has been and will remain an important energy source in the United States , one of the rules we developed a flexible standard , which is to take seriously my job ." Wyoming John ? Valparaiso (John Barrasso) and Oklahoma State 's James ? Inhofe (James Inhofe) and other Republican senators question exam McCarthy said that these regulations rely on coal as its main energy states what the economic impact ,Frac sand and her unemployment resulting from coal-fired plants shut down What feelings. Valparaiso , said the new regulations hinder the construction of new coal-fired power plants , and may lead to closure of existing coal-fired power plants , and these regulations have caused in Wyoming "long-term unemployed ." He asked : "The Environmental Protection Agency officials also how many times ( allocation rule ) will cancel these will make another miner families into unemployment, poverty and unhealthy regulations ? " McCarthy in charge of the field emission regulations are being developed , she said EPA will leave some room business , making them through the transformation to meet those standards. Democrats emphasized in his opening remarks at the hearing McCarthy 's bipartisan background , including the 2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt ? Romney (Mitt Romney) served as governor of Massachusetts , she served as the state 's chief environmental officer working for the Romney . Hearing, Republican lawmakers have several rounds of questions focused on the transparency of the EPA , and its e-mail account is used. Republicans pointed out that EPA officials had used a number of private e-mail in order to conceal the council debate on the rulemaking . " EPA has been an abuse phenomenon of private e-mail account ." Louisiana Republican David ? Witt (David Vitter) , said, " Obviously, in many cases , this practice is used to prevent information disclosure ." Leaves green Bureau before Jackson but had to use a government allocation to fake name Richard ? Windsor (Richard Windsor) registered e-mail address and criticized by Republicans . According to lawmakers and public interest organizations to monitor the views of Jackson write messages using the account may not meet the " Freedom of Information Act " requirements, also failed to incorporate the national archives . McCarthy said , the EPA Inspector General is an internal review of communications for the council . " We are doing everything we can to improve the EPA's communications system ." She said. But McCarthy said she did not use private email processing EPA business and quipped: "As a 58 -year-old man, there was a good thing ,ceramic ball I do not know how to use instant messaging tools ." McCarthy also told lawmakers that she knew to state and federal regulatory agencies and the need for cooperation between local authorities . McCarthy said: " I ​​once worked for a number of state and local communities , and I understand the pressure on them ." Senate Environment and Public Works Committee person in charge of the California Democratic Sen. Barbara ? Boxer (Barbara Boxer) , said McCarthy's nomination "It should be smooth sailing ." However, it is not known to the full Senate vote on the nomination of McCarthy's committee schedule . If the appointment is approved, McCarthy will join other officials deal with the emergence of the U.S. domestic energy policy differences, differences exist in the current climate change, fracking and to determine the intensity and other aspects of U.S. natural gas exports .

Need long-term plan to achieve energy independence

Government and industry must recognize that shale gas and shale oil is not cheap and will one day be exhausted:frac proppant United States 70% of the shale gas production is no longer growing or falling from the shale fields. The tight oil production there are also long-term sustainability of doubt.
High yield of shale fields are scarce, 30 shale gas field in six accounted for 88% of total production, 21 have two dense oil accounted for 81% of total production. Many producers out of oil or gas from shale fields within a relatively small area within the dessert. The oil / gas wells will be the overall quality of the wells with dessert saturated and began to decline, which in turn requires sustained growth in oil / gas wells to maintain production.
Production will eventually be available limit on the number of drilling locations, and once this limit is reached, the output will be 30% to 50% per year rate of decline. For the Bakken and Eagle dense fields, it is expected that this will happen in five years.
EIA projections indicate that by 2040, the United States will finish all known mined shale gas reserves, 58% of unproved shale gas resources, as well as 78% of the undiscovered tight oil resources.frac sand Such exploitation of hydrocarbons based on the principle that these are expected seem overly optimistic. EIA expects natural gas prices lack credibility because of its steady growth in the next 20 years the supply of low production cost estimates. Declared that the U.S. Energy Independence and deployment plans to export shale resources is unwise. Shale revolution must be in a long-term viability for the future,ceramic ball sustainable energy strategy to be considered.

The process of change in the energy mix , we should emphasize the part

Energy for the future changes in the structure of international trends, taking into account relevant measures in the process, needs to be emphasized orientation diversity.
First, optimize the allocation of resources from the orientation of view , to further enhance the efficiency of resource allocation emphasized . First, we must balance resources imported species, in addition to oil and coal resources, from quite a long time now and for the development of  shale gas  revolution starting the trend to further expand the scale of natural gas imports ; two is to make the distribution of energy imports, further decentralization of the market , continue to strengthen the process of selection of imported energy, opportunities to expand ; Third, changing over from the extensive mode of economic development way , optimal adjustment of industrial structure, improve the efficiency of energy use ; fourth is to further the development of domestic energy commodities trading market, increase variety of transactions , maintaining a relatively stable domestic energy prices ;unconventional gas five is to strengthen the regulatory mechanism of government departments , chambers of commerce and corporate self-discipline coordination mechanism to prevent the herd .
Secondly, from the orientation of ensuring energy security point of view, should be based on the international market, supply-side efforts to form a stronger anti- pressure , high dependence on imports effectively resolve to bring energy supply risks. One is to further promote the " going out" strategy to support efforts at the appropriate time more copy CNOOC acquisition of Canadian oil company Nexen kind of success stories ; Second, the domestic shale gas , methanol , ethanol , wind, solar and other non- traditional energy development combine to form a second echelon of China's energy supply ; Third, to further expand the scale of energy reserves , in addition to expansion of oil reserve base , should also be part of the resources to achieve " as used with the mining " requirements.
Again, from the point of view of sustainable development orientation , as long as there is enough recoverable reserves as security of supply , China could enhance energy pricing in the international market during the game emboldened . First, the future of domestic shale gas development priorities should be emphasized that , in addition to emphasis on exploration and technology R & D investment , but in shale gas exploitation is even more important to emphasize gradual, especially to careful awarded licenses ;frac sand Second, from the development cycle economic start, it will start from the initial process of shale gas development environmental protection and water conservation recycling and comprehensive utilization of land resources combine specifically targeting shale gas development on ecology , groundwater, air quality and other aspects venue systematic study of the impact . The third is to strengthen research and development efforts to further enhance the efficiency of shale gas extraction , mining cost effective control .

Energy revolution to overturn the traditional theory

For years, the U.S. has been the world's largest importer of crude oil. This not only severely exacerbated the U.S. trade deficit,unconventional gas but also pose a threat to its energy security. U.S. President Barack Obama so committed to the full realization of "energy independence", including the 2020 U.S. crude oil imports will be reduced by half and increased oil development efforts.
Production of crude oil to the United States play a direct role in promoting is the technology continues to progress. Especially after 20 years of exploration, the U.S. oil and gas exploration industry mastered the core technology of hydraulic fracturing,frac sand the shale oil and gas exploration breakthrough.
According to UBS AG (UBS) predicts that by 2020, U.S. oil production from the current 900 million barrels per day up to 1200 barrels of oil the United States imports from the current 900 million barrels per day to 800 million barrels to reduce . According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts that by 2035, Middle East oil production from 2600 barrels per day up to 3500 million barrels,frac proppant the former Soviet Union from 1400 up to 1700 barrels barrels barrels in Latin America from 1100 rose to 1400 million barrels, Canada increased from 400 million barrels to 700 million barrels. According to current trends, the United States will surpass Saudi Arabia in the next decade to become the world's largest oil producer.

Several hundred billion dollar market to be discovered

In February this year, on behalf of the United States more than 500 oil and gas companies approved by the American Petroleum Institute called on the Department of  shale gas  exports is estimated that from 2015 to 2035, the export of natural gas for the U.S. contribution of $ 700 billion economic growth and create 213,000 annually for the United States jobs.

Analysts believe that the emergence of new drilling techniques to promote the U.S. natural gas output, but also to promote transportation and storage of natural gas companies to expand investment in infrastructure for natural gas liquefaction and storage. Infrastructure engineering and construction spending growth will allow businesses to benefit.

In fact, the U.S. energy infrastructure sector has been the opportunity to capture some investors.Frac sand The SEC recently released position report, "Warren" Buffett's Berkshire helm of the first quarter of this year, the newly acquired 650 million shares of Chicago Bridge Iron and Steel Company (NYSE: CBI) shares. Chicago Bridge Iron and Steel Company is the world's leading engineering, procurement and construction business, primarily focused on the energy sector projects. Currently Chicago Bridge Iron and Steel Company customers include some of the world's largest energy companies, such as BP, Exxon Mobil and other. The company's share price rose 20 percent last month, has risen 35 percent this year.

The U.S. market and other major energy infrastructure projects such companies recently have good performance. Foster Wheeler (Nasdaq: FWLT) shares rose 8 percent over the past month.fracturing proppant The company in the petrochemical, engineering, global leader in the construction field.

Crude super cycle end

May 23, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke (Ben Bernanke) in the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee was specifically asked if and when it will resume quantitative easing (QE), he said the Fed will start to decrease in the coming months buy programs.Frac sand On the same day the Fed announced the latest meeting showed the Fed is also intense internal debate when it should recover the loose.
According to Buffett previous warning, first issued once the Fed to stop the debt purchase, or start to reduce the balance sheet, in terms of liquidity would be a danger signal.
With the sound of "shots", the world's major stock markets, commodity markets, "shot", fell sharply. Among them, the New York Mercantile Exchange, light sweet crude for July delivery futures on London's ICE Futures Europe exchange in July Brent crude futures for delivery in price declines, respectively, 2% and 1.3%. And since February 2013, the international oil prices continued to fall, Brent oil prices have fallen by 15%.
International oil prices in July 2008 reached 147 U.S. dollars / barrel record high after several twists and turns, ups and downs, both in the 2009 financial crisis led to $ 46 a barrel diving, there are also rebounded in 2012 to $ 128 a barrel. But anyway, before 2008,Proppant international oil prices continued to rise in recent years could not reproduce unilateral.
"2013 will sound the death knell commodity super cycle and to promote the market into the next decade." May 20, in the latest issue Citibank commodities research report, China's economic growth slowed, stocks and interactive commodities weakening U.S. dollar and other factors, marked "commodity super cycle end."
Relative to other commodities, crude oil in addition to the factors mentioned above, a new industrial revolution and energy supply - shale oil, electric cars will accelerate the development of technologies such as the end of its extended period.
On the supply side, the U.S. shale oil and  shale gas  technology development is brewing a new revolution in energy supply. International Energy Agency (IEA) predicted the U.S. will become the world's largest oil-producing countries and to achieve a net exporter of oil, which in turn achieve energy independence. On the demand side, the financial crisis, the world's major developed economies is still not back to normal recovery track, China and other emerging market countries, economic growth has slowed down than before the crisis. In addition to Tesla (Tesla) as the representative of electric cars and other technological advances, then make a structural decline in demand for oil.
Supply and demand is likely to increase in the relative weakness in the background, even in the face of international crude oil prices tend to fluctuate more risk events, and in the long term will be entering a downward cycle.

Shale gas exploitation of groundwater pollution prevention and control difficult

shale gas triggered by the "energy revolution" Masamori momentum, while mining the enormous water consumption, groundwater pollution problems began quietly affecting people's nerves. Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection Engineer ten thousand too recently in Beijing, said the ministry has not yet received the current shale gas project environmental impact assessment application, but any future development project must strictly carry out environmental impact assessment. Late last year, China conducted a second round of MLR bustling shale gas exploration bidding. However, according to media reports, compared to the previous spectacle successful business in the new shale gas exploration and development of the actual input level as yet no substantive. It is understood, including shale gas exploration, drilling, well completion process, the core technology is horizontal drilling and  Hydraulic fracturing.  World-renowned consulting firm Accenture released a report earlier, generally required for drilling and fracturing 18,927,000 liters of water, the equivalent of 1,000 trucks transported water. In addition to a huge amount of water, shale gas extraction wastewater generated contains hydrocarbons, heavy metals, salt, and a hundred kinds of chemical substances, if the infusion or perfusion layer below the requirements of the inappropriate choice will result in groundwater contamination.
   
     "After all, drill into underground shale gas, drill through multiple aquifers." Ten thousand too that shale gas does cause risk of groundwater contamination. He also disclosed that the current Chinese Academy of Environmental Sciences, Center for Environmental Assessment and other environmental research institutes under the Ministry of the Environment has developed the pros and cons of shale gas analysis report presenting the ministry. Chinese population density, water scarcity and uneven distribution of seasonal water shortages distinctive characteristics. The concentrated distribution of shale gas in Sichuan, Chongqing,frac sand Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi and other regions, the complex geological conditions, underground river caves and more, increasing the difficulty of groundwater pollution prevention and control. In ten thousand too seems to control the risk of groundwater contamination in shale gas development project before the environmental impact assessment must be carried out strictly on the possible water bodies, air and other environmental factors cause the system to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the risks. "If necessary, can also be international cooperation, learn from foreign research experience."

Shale gas development needs facing the scientific and technological research (3)

5, shale reservoir reconstruction and improve well production technology

R & D drillable bridge plug and packer staged fracturing, 3000 fracturing trucks and other equipment and to achieve localization of synchronous fracturing and microseismic fracture monitoring techniques;Hydraulic fracturing carry out new fracturing fluids, fracturing fluid handling and reuse, reservoir damage mechanism and protection, staged fracturing, perforating and volume segment Nagai transformation technology research and master for the production of shale gas development transformation core technology to improve shale gas well production.

6, capacity forecasting, well optimization and economic evaluation techniques

Tracking and analysis of the dynamics of shale gas wells,ceramic ball in-depth study desorption, diffusion and percolation mechanism to carry out under different conditions numerical simulation of gas well productivity and ultimate recoverable reserves of study, the formation of shale gas development capacity evaluation techniques; combined with shale gas production characteristics , to carry out different combinations of well pattern and spacing of recovery under the conditions studied,frac sand the formation of well pattern optimization techniques; carry out economic factors affecting the formation of shale gas development economic and technical evaluation index system.

Shale gas propelled America electricity prices

February 2012, in Boston,Ceramic proppant has a centuries-old North Star (NStar) commercial electric power companies to bring their client's tariff reduction of 34 per cent, from 8.5 cents / kWh lowered to 5.5 cents / kWh. From July 1 onwards, the company's commercial electricity prices will also cut 16%.

According to statistics, the United States now New England (Massachusetts, United States and six other northeastern states) retail electricity price is only half the previous levels, for example, in February,ceramic ball the region of 3 to 4 retail tariff cents / kWh, while in 2006 ~ 2011 over the same period the number of 6-8 cents / kWh. The tariff reduction does not just happen in the eastern United States, the price of electricity in many parts of the United States are going through 2 or 3 cents / kWh decline.

All this changes with the U.S. natural gas markets are closely related.
2011, U.S. natural gas production increased by 8%, reaching a new record of 653.9 billion cubic meters, while increasing the supply of natural gas prices has led to a large extent of the downturn, the summer of 2008 from $ 14 / mmbtu (million British thermal units),frac sand down to the current $ 2.5 / mmbtu. Fuel price changes on electricity prices have a significant impact in the United States, fuel costs accounted for 40% of the total cost of electricity, so the low price of natural gas also means cheaper electricity prices.

China shale gas development still needs to pass three hurdles

In recent years, shale gas exploration and development are more and more attention.Fracturing proppant Foreign experts believe that China's shale gas development outlook, but the development process required to solve the water shortage, lack of technical capacity and lack of resources on three major issues pipeline.

Foreign experts believe that China has become the world's largest energy consumer, although China in wind, solar, hydro and nuclear energy has developed rapidly, but it is a real change in natural gas provides the possibility of China's energy structure, it should be noted that in particular shale gas, coal bed methane and coal-gas.

Shale gas unconventional natural gas important part. According to the National Energy Board in 2011 data, China's  shale gas  recoverable resources of about 26 trillion cubic meters, roughly the same with the United States. At present, China shale gas resources remain undeveloped state, the development potential.

In the last month released the latest "World Energy Outlook" report, the IEA predicts that by 2035, including shale gas and coal bed methane gas, including unconventional gas production will account for nearly half of new, which Most new production comes from China, the United States and Australia.

Although the development outlook, but experts believe that China's shale gas resource development in the presence of water shortages, lack of technical capacity and lack of resources on three major issues pipeline.

Held in Kuala Lumpur World Gas Conference, the Asia-Pacific natural gas expert Gavin Thompson said, it is necessary for China and exploitation of shale gas potential of more in-depth investigation skills. Meanwhile, access to land issues, environmental challenges, supply chain services and infrastructure missing so will China shale gas development challenges.

First, the water shortage. Currently the main use of the development of shale gas "fracking." The method is sand, water and a special mixture of chemicals injected deep underground rock, forcing the rock failure to obtain shale gas. This method requires plenty of water support. "Earth Wars: global resources of the dispute," the author says Geoff Hiscock, most parts of northern China already water-stressed, while in the south, shale gas exploration will compete with the crop water.

Secondly, the development of technical capacity is insufficient. And exploitation of the more experienced compared to the U.S., China shale gas development technology capacity is obviously insufficient. U.S. shale gas resources have been developed for over 30 years, has extensive experience in oil and gas industry and infrastructure available. U.S. exploration company pioneered horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing and other key technologies, the drilling team is the industry leader, as well as covering and supporting the entire industry financing, distribution, processing and marketing of excellent service.

Solve this problem, Hiscock said, PetroChina, CNOOC and other Chinese state-owned enterprises through the North American shale gas company's investment as well as Exxon Mobil, Shell and other oil giants joint venture,frac sand learning the skills of shale gas exploitation. But he cautioned that in the process of developing shale gas, shale gas field in each block is unique, that there is no "one size fits all" technology. Therefore, Chinese companies must develop their technological innovation.

Finally, the pipeline resources. North America has been built thousands of kilometers of gas pipelines and receiving point, detailed geological survey records. These hardware and software aspects of the building, China still has a considerable gap.

Experts also warned that in addition to the above three short board, the development of shale gas resources in China, like the U.S., but also consider public support for environmental risks and other factors.

U.S. Energy uneven distribution of the rapid development of new energy

"The Christian Science Monitor" recently reported that, although the United States has a lot of energy, but the uneven distribution of different types of energy concentrated in different areas.hydraulic fracturing  1 oil, gas and coal 82% of U.S. energy consumption from oil, gas and coal. As drilling technology advances in the future for a long period of time, fossil fuels will remain the energy mix in the United States is an important component. It is estimated that U.S. recoverable coal reserves ranked first in the world. Most of the coal reserves are located in the Appalachian Mountain states and the central and southern Illinois. Despite the cheap gas for coal mining have a certain impact, but a great comeback in recent years the trend of coal, since November last year, coal-fired electricity generation accounted for 40% of total U.S. electricity generation or more, while the proportion of natural gas is 25%. With hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology,frac sand in the past, North Dakota, Pennsylvania and other places difficult to develop shale "unconventional" gas and oil have been mined. 2 hydro, nuclear and biomass hydro, nuclear and biomass and other clean energy is still the most popular renewable energy. Renewable energy generation is now the United States accounted for 12% of total power generation, hydroelectric power generation in the renewable energy accounts for more than 56%, the majority of dams built in the last century until the mid-1970s. Currently landfill gases and emissions from agriculture, timber industry organic waste constitutes the biomass, renewable energy they occupy 12%. In addition, the factory 65 U.S. nuclear power running 104 commercial nuclear reactors, providing about 20% of the nation's electricity. However, people's understanding of nuclear power is not uniform. Some people think that nuclear energy does not belong to renewable energy, because it is to be depleted uranium as fuel, while the reason why nuclear energy "clean" because it does not produce carbon emissions, nuclear waste and radioactive substances can pose environmental threats. 3 solar, wind and geothermal solar energy renewable energy in the United States occupied the smallest proportion of only 1%.Proppant But with the falling prices of PV cells, the solar industry has undergone tremendous growth. American Solar Energy Industries Association, said PV installed capacity in 2011-2012 increased by 76%. Wind energy is second only to hydropower renewable energy, renewable energy accounted for 28%, is expected to grow by 7% in 2013. In addition to the United States outside the inland areas, coastal areas of wind power potential is very large. In the U.S. renewable energy portfolio, approximately 3% from geothermal energy. 4 U.S. Energy overall layout of the whole, the nation's energy coal occupies the first place, but because of environmental concerns and the impact of alternative energy sources, coal's dominance has been challenged. Booming oil and gas, renewable energy potential is very large. Nuclear power has been the impact of natural gas, while the nuclear accident in Japan also suffered public questioning of nuclear power. How to use these different sources of energy, depending on the economic situation in the United States and government policy, which means a lot of competition between the industry expands.