Performance requirements for petroleum proppant

  Performance of the oil proppant demanding( oil fracturing proppant ).

  The first to have sufficient compressive strength and wear resistance, strong pressure and friction tolerance during the injection, and effectively support the artificial fracture.

  Second proppant particles relative to low density,bauxite proppant , easy to pump into underground.Third proppant particles at a temperature of the conditions of 200 degrees, and the fracturing fluid and reservoir fluid does not generate chemical reaction, the acid solubility maximum allowed value should be less than 7%.

The past ceramic proppant and the present quartz sand

Twentieth Century 50 - 60 years, metal aluminum ball, plastic ball, walnut shell, glass ball have had as proppant materials used, but because of their own deficiency has been eliminated.

  ceramic proppant used at present are mainly quartz sand and ceramsite III.
As oil fracturing proppant , quartz sand is of relatively low density, convenient for construction of pump, the advantage of low cost.

  However, there are also low strength, easy breakage, sphericity and surface finish is low,fracturing proppants is not conducive to guide oil penetration defects.

Research of oil fracturing ceramic proppant

Oil fracturing proppant is to make the deep stratum of rock fracture keep supports split state, its role is to support the two wall cracks, in order to make the pumping is stopped,

the crack to oil and gas wells in bottom hole pressure of eye drops to less than the closed pressure remains open.

Oil and gas injection well fracturing proppant ( ceramic proppant )is to improve the permeability of reservoir, increase oil production. Since 1947 the hydraulic fracturing technology in the American test success since 60 years of the development process,resin coated ceramic proppant proppant materials changed greatly.

ceramic proppant structure densification

There is a great relationship between rate of crushing, acid solubility and the sample composition, sintering after the formation of barium feldspar is the main reason for the increase of the acid resistance. To generate a small amount of barium feldspar, can form acid liquid completely through Al2O3 in the intergranular phase protection layer, prompting theceramic proppant structure densification  , increase the acid resistant ceramics.

  When the addition amount of BaCO3 is too high, because the BaCO3 decomposition temperature is too high, the CO2 gas decomposition generated when it is difficult to rule out clean, the porosity increases, the effective area of the load reduction, stress concentration led to crush resistance variation. Therefore, when the amount of BaCO3 increases, celsian acid proof coating production also can increase accordingly, acid resistance will be increased, but the increasing porosity, will make the broken rate increased.

Effect of additive BaCO3 on ceramic proppant

During sintering, usually by additive to promote the sintering of ceramics, improve the structure, improve the performance of. During the test, found that the addition of -BaCO3 additive can greatly improve the acid resistance of ceramic proppant.

  Effects of BaCO3 addition on the ceramic proppant performance as follows .

Effect of sintering temperature on ceramic proppant

The firing temperature refers to the corresponding temperature to obtain the best performance of ceramic blank firing time, namely the firing temperature of fire stop.

  The firing temperature,frac sand direct effects of grain size and liquid phase composition and quantity as well as stomatal morphology and quantity.

  They influence the performance of integrated ceramic proppant. In the experiment, in order to sample 1 standard proportioning, ball milling 24h, respectively, at 1360 C, 1400 C, 1440 C, 1480 C under 1H sintering, thermal insulation,with the furnace natural cooling.

An important standard to measure the quality of the proppant

The apparent density ceramic proppant, acid solubility and broken rate is an important standard to measure the quality of the proppant fracturing fluid density, visual effects, acid solubility and broken rate effects of petroleum, natural gas output, were tested according to the oil and gas industry standard SYT5108-2006.
Apparent density (b) according to the formula, the acid solubility (c) according to the formula, the broken rate is according to the formula (d).

p = m2/V1                               （b）
M2 is the quality of the sample, the unit is g
V1 is the volume of the sample, the unit is cm3
p is density of samples, unit (g/cm3)



S = (m3-m4)/m3×100%                    （c）
m3, M4 as the quality of acid soluble, acid soluble samples before,
The unit is g, S is the acid solubility.

η=m5/m6×100%                          （d）
M5, M6 respectively fragmentation quality samples and proppant samples,
The unit is g, η for broken rate

Preparation of alumina industry of high alumina ceramic proppant

Study on Preparation of ceramic proppanthigh aluminum alumina industry, there is still no domestic reports. In view of the above situation, the urgent need to develop the domestic high-grade ceramsite proppant yourself.

  In this paper, taking alumina as main raw material, adding proper amount of auxiliary materials, through experiments in the laboratory, system.

  The preparation of high alumina ceramic proppant, research on haydite proppant added the sintering temperature, particle size of raw material, additive -BaCO3
effect of performance.

Ceramsite proppant performance needs

At present, the domestic production of ceramic proppant is with bauxite as main raw material to prepare the products, acid resistance, crush resistance difference.

  The best performance of the blowing ceramsite propping breaking agent under the 69MPa rate was 2% ~ 4%, the acid solubility ranged from 3% to 5%, it is difficult to meet the Tahe oilfield fracturing and acidizing technology requirements.

  For Tahe reservoir UHP reservoir reformation of proppant, are high-grade production using alumina as main raw material,domestic products, temporarily unable to produce, mainly depends on the America imports, the price is quite expensive (about 7500 ~ 15000 yuan / ton, while the cost is less than half of this price).

Ceramsite proppant, production method

ceramic proppant is oil, natural gas extraction in the process of fracturing operation to support the solid particles of rock joints with certain strength.

  During the fracturing operation process, proppant mixed with fracturing, using high pressure means will be injected into the deep rock crevices, forming high permeability channel, so that the oil or gas outflow from the cracks.

  The practice proved that, the use of high aluminum proppant fracturing wells can increase the yield of 30 ~ 50%, the service life can be extended well.

Preparation of samples,high aluminium ceramic proppants

Discuss the firing temperature, particle size of raw material, additive and the addition of BaCO3 ceramic proppant acid resistance, crush resistance effect.

  The results show that, the development of samples in laboratory, the acid solubility as low as 0.75%, 86MPa < 2.5% broken rate. The addition of BaCO3 could significantly increase the acid resistance of ceramic proppant, as long as good control of the adding amount, significantly improve the crushing rate and can not cause.

Proppant transfer new technology application

PropelSSP technology can prevent the proppant in low viscosity liquids of settlement.

  PropelSSP polymer conveying system can complete gum breaking, prevent the proppant filling and formation damage.

  PropelSSP can recover 100% of conductivity, and guar gum base fluid due to the relatively clean fracturing fluid of the poor, the flow capacity recovery rate is only about 70%.

  Viscous supporting agent through the low viscosity fluid delivery reduces fluid sweep area.

  Transfer capability of PropelSSP is better than slippery water, which can reduce the pumping time. The volume of fluid required is also reduced, and the additives are needed to reduce the response.

Petroleum proppant acidification and stratigraphic features closely

Before acidification, pollution prevention and treatment of formation response is a reasonable design goal. Although extremely easy to dissolve formation damage, but successful acidification means is not formed while dissolving pollution damage. It is possible, but must first figure out the chemical characteristics of the formation of minerals and construction of the fluid, to predict when the acid into the formation, acid is how reactions. Potential fracturing proppants incompatibility by logging and core units to evaluate the optimal prevention. Potential problems because the reaction can produce secondary contamination, prolonged exposure generated will be considered.
Select fluid formation is characterized by two key mineral composition and permeability. Formation determine mineralogical characteristics help determine what kind of system of acid and acid concentration used. Determining formation permeability, can estimate the amount of matrix acidizing holding injection and maximum bottomhole pressure and other information.
Mechanical pressure with pores, temperature and formation of the design impact. High pore pressure in the lower strata of more than the failure of the high density ceramic rupture. Failure formation than the original observations have lower rupture pressure. Selected reaction temperature and a different rate of mineral acid. At higher temperatures, usually choose a lower acid concentration. To maintain the mechanical integrity of the skeleton of the formation of bad cement reservoirs generally reduces the acid concentration.

Technology research and development prospects of oil fracturing proppant

Hydraulic fracturing technology has become the main measures to increase production of oil and gas into. With the continuous development of hydraulic fracturing technology, petroleum industry Maide Ceramics Click to open the link in the growing demand for increasingly high performance requirements. Currently, deep low permeability fracturing of high density ultra-high strength ceramic proppant fracturing of oil has a great demand, and the application of high-strength low-density proppant is also an important measure to improve the deep well oil production. From raw material point of view, the use of high aluminum content of the preparation of high-performance industrial solid waste ceramic proppant fracturing of oil represents the development direction of oil fracturing isp proppant . In short, with the intensification of the world's energy crisis, high oil fracturing proppant will have a growing market and development potential. High-performance low-cost oil fracturing proppant research and development industry is bound to be people's attention and development.

Performance oil fracturing proppant

The role of oil fracturing proppant (Fracturing Proppant) that separates the two wall cracks and effective support , so that always cracks after fracturing can be effectively supported , thus eliminating most of the radial flow formation , formation fluids to linear flow way into the cracks. Usually require fracture permeability than the formation permeability several orders of magnitude . Understanding the type of proppant and closed in the state under stress , performance evaluation and Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants to support a variety of factors influence fracture conductivity is the correct choice and use of proppants foundation.

Taoli sand seismic performance and insulation performance

Ceramsite concrete due to the quality of light, low elastic modulus, resistance to deformation performance is good, so has good seismic performance, ceramsite sand around a number of brick buildings are in different degrees by the earthquake. Although it is associated with building structure system, but the frac sand companies concrete has excellent seismic performance is also an important reason. 1976 Italian LiuLi area of strong earthquake with a magnitude 9, statistics show that the brick building damage rate was 40% ~ 40%, the frame structure of clay brick building the damage rate was 33%, and ceramsite concrete building damage rate is only 5%. Ceramsite ceramsite sand seismic performance thus, heat preservation, heat insulation frac sand due to internal porous, so it has good insulation, the thermal conductivity of concrete prepared with it, as a general rule, be 0.3 ~ 0.8 W/(mok), 1 ~ 2 times lower than the normal concrete. Ceramsite architecture has good thermal environment, according to the test for many times, ceramsite sand ceramsite concrete permeability resistance is better than that of ordinary concrete. With 20 mpa ceramsite concrete and ordinary concrete, for example, by comparing multiple tests, ordinary concrete impermeability index for B6, and can achieve B18 ceramsite concrete is to B25.

Support the artificial fracture of proppant

Is the purpose of the hydraulic fracturing with frac sand companiesin formation formed a support of the artificial fracture, high to low permeability reservoir capacity. Proppant, and in the process of fracturing pump injection into the formation, due to the fracturing liquid carrying, reservoir water and the existence of condensate water, led to the fracturing proppant has been in the process of the production and formation water in the process of soaking, according to the conventional experimental methods selection under the condition of proppant can meet the needs of the actual reservoir percolation relations become reservoir optimization designers need to consider the problem. In this paper the present fracturing acidizing fracture diverting capacity test and analysis system, for the first time in a simulated formation water environment of formation water after soaking frac sand crushing rate, compares the flow conductivity performance evaluation experiment, for proppant fracturing stimulation in more optimal selection provides certain reference basis. A, experimental apparatus and principle 1. The experimental apparatus in haian oil machinery factory production of fracturing acidizing fracture diverting capacity test and analysis system, the instrument can simulate the formation temperature and pressure, training room, in accordance with API standard design, proppant crushing rate experiment used broken reference oil formulated the industry standard SY/T5108-2006.

Unconventional gas

Should also include unconventional gas does not involve all function and process of organic reaction generated hydrocarbons or non hydrocarbon gas, they belong to the abiogenic gas. Gaza fracturing with multiple fracturing sand, in the domestic main using ceramsite sand and quartz sand is the most popular way is mainly oil field production ~ ~ ~ and oilfield chemical drugs frac sand companies known as the melon glue adhesive, glue, and then pressed ceramsite to the formation of cracks, and then oil can through the flow channel is formed frac sand ceramsite. Ceramsite fracturing proppant high-quality clay as the main raw material made of fine ground into powder, match with various additives, repeated practice, granulating, polishing, high temperature sintering, the product has high crushing strength, low density, good sphericity, high smoothness, diversion ability, etc. Ceramsite sand belongs to a kind of oil fracturing proppant, relative to ordinary quartz sand proppant, its strong compression ability, low broken rate, it is mainly used for deep well fracturing.

generally for a film, surface gloss, no less roasting ceramsite is smooth

When using ceramsite, can be adopted according to the actual needs of the different types of ceramsite sand free from different density and frac sand companies grade macroporous, full light, ultra light reinforced or prestressed concrete; Can be prepared into various types of wall products and building components, can also be used to fill, cast-in-situ, the sliding mode such as construction work. Framework for all kinds of building system, such as filling, or the bearing block building, a mould SanBan, all within the assembly of large plate, sprinkle plugins, all watering can apply sliding mode building and so on. Any wall of the building (article inside the block, cladding, partition board, floor, roof boarding, beams, and part of the foundation and so on, all can be made with fracturing proppant concrete, which is unmatched by any other new walling. Ceramsite grain size is usually 5 ~ 20 largest size is 25 ㎜ ㎜. Ceramsite are commonly used to replace the gravel and pebbles in concrete.

Because a lot of raw materials production ceramsite,

Ceramsite breed is very much also, so many color also.

Unburned ceramsite used for solid waste,

Different color, generally for a film, surface gloss, no less roasting ceramsite is smooth.

Ceramic balls are widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, fertilizer industry, natural gas and environmental protection

Ceramic balls are widely used in petroleum, chemical, fertilizer, gas and environmental protection industries, as a catalyst in the reactor to cover support material and tower packing. It has a high frac sand companies and high pressure resistance, bibulous rate is low, the characteristics of the chemical performance is stable. Can withstand the erosion of acid, alkali and other organic solvents, and can endure in the production process of temperature changes. Its main function is to increase gas or liquid distribution points, support and protection intensity is not high activity of the catalyst. Porcelain ball categories: porcelain ball according to use classification can be divided into: packing porcelain ball and grinding ball is two kinds: packing type of porcelain ball main effect is to increase gas or liquid distribution points, support and protection intensity is not high activity of the catalyst. fracturing proppanton the inert alumina ceramic ball AL2O3 content, filler type of porcelain ball can be divided into: ordinary ceramic ball, the inert alumina ceramic ball, chinalco porcelain, high alumina ceramic ball, 99 high alumina porcelain, porcelain ball with convex concave groove opening, active porcelain ball, opening porcelain ball, microporous ceramic ball, regenerative porcelain ball. Grinding type of porcelain ball is used for ball mill, cylindrical grinding machine, vibration grinding machine, fine crushing equipment of grinding medium. Grinding kind of porcelain ball has high hardness, the advantages of larger volume density, corrosion resistance, the grinding efficiency and wear resistance significantly better than ordinary or natural pebble stone, in ceramics, glass, enamel, pigment, chemical and other industries widely used. Depending on the content of AL2O3, grinding type of porcelain porcelain silicon carbide grinding ball, microcrystalline chinalco mill porcelain ball, high alumina grinding balls.