Fracking Past and Present

Fracking Past and Present

hydraulic fracturing, suggests that it is using the high-pressure water to fracture rock a technique with oil and gas development are closely linked. Specific operation is far more than the

formation of high-pressure water pump bearing pressure into oil and gas wells, and caused some fracturing along the wellbore segment cracks. High-pressure water contains

additives to enhance the permeability of rock, while also adding sand wells and other  Ceramic proppant  used to keep cracks open, allowing oil and gas resources into the well.

Initially used in hydraulic fracturing transformation of old wells and enhanced oil recovery, but with the emergence of horizontal well technology began large-scale applied to

shale oil and gas exploration. Drilling horizontal wells will extend horizontally in the rock, as shale gas formations with horizontal permeability, the use of horizontal wells

can be extended 3-5 km along the ground, in order to have full access to oil and gas reservoirs.
Rock fracturing technology to exploit oil and gas resources, there is no doubt from the extreme advocates adventurous American, early in 1821, the United States developed the

first breath of industrialization is shale wells wells, fracturing technology and therefore from the outset along with the U.S. oil and gas development of the industry. Early in

the 19th century, at the call of the spirit of freedom under the United States by the postman, small traders and farmers army composed of oil exploration, has already begun with

great courage to risk their lives and illegal risks, the use of nitroglycerin in the oil-rich surface and rock blasting to find oil and gas resources. But of course can not form

these irregulars climate, until 1947, as a controllable high-pressure water-induced experimental rock burst before the official start, two years later, Standard Oil of Indiana

(Amoco oil after 1998, it was acquired BP) in its Stanolind Oklahoma and Texas established a two hydraulic fracturing treatment facility, which officially opened the U.S.

commercial  Hydraulic fracturing  technology applications prologue.
Although the hydraulic fracturing method appeared earlier, but the "World War II" Western "oil Seven Sisters" dominated the global supply of crude oil, shale oil and gas

development progress has been unusually slow, fracking more as oilfield use assistive technology transformation . Until 1973 and 1979, after the two oil crisis, the United

States was gradually realized that the height dependence on foreign oil and gas resources have a great threat to national security, then "energy independence" 30 years to become

U.S. presidents are bound to mention the word campaign . In this context, the U.S. Congress in 1980 passed quickly unconventional fuel tax preferential policies, followed by

shale gas development significantly faster.
But to really promote fracking and shale gas into public view, is the 2003 invention of horizontal well technology and the subsequent five years due to soaring gas prices caused

by a large investment bank intervention, according to incomplete statistics, in 2007-2010, U.S. shale gas associated with the various types of assets trading close to $ 800

billion, compared with 2000 increased by nearly 20 times. Shale gas production also subsequently promoted within five years nearly 10 times, the U.S. natural gas prices have

also plunged three consecutive years, NYMEX natural gas futures in July 2008 from the highest point of $ 13.577 / million Btu (3.32 yuan / square) has fallen in May 2012 the

lowest point of $ 1.907 (0.201 yuan) has become the largest decline after the financial crisis of goods, all goods are still far from the 2008 highs in the farthest varieties.

U.S. gas prices in 2007 37% higher than in Europe, but lower than that in 2012 71%. Shale gas and hydraulic fracturing a high degree of dependence on foreign energy state in

droves to solve the energy problem of magic.