Currently, the main use of active protection of foreign law, which uses the ground vertical drilling,ceramic ball dewatering submersible pumps specially aquifer. In order to meet pre-dewatering method, foreign production of high-lift (up to 1000m), a large displacement (up to 5000m3 / h), high power (2000kW) submersible pumps, dewatering project has been its gradual introduction of computer control.
Foreign plugging closure method also has great development, the construction of underground curtain method more and more attention, the Soviet Union that curtain dewatering the future directions of research work. At present, some countries use trenching machine in a loose layer construction curtain; excavation, Wall, slag routine, and is currently plugging closure of foreign advanced technology. But now, no foreign karst formations in the construction of large curtain instance. To take full advantage impermeable layer thickness,frac sand reducing the displacement of foreign impermeable layer being impermeable mechanism of water inrush relationship with fissures, operating under high pressure water inrush mechanism and impermeable layer stability and critical hydraulic resistance combined effects were studied. There are statistical methods currently forecasting methods, catastrophe theory methods and field tests, such as
Hydraulic fracturing method. Geophysical methods have certain development. Such as Germany, Britain and the United States of seam seismic exploration coal thickness greater than the gap between the faults, and the use of digital seismographs detect underground rock stress distribution; Soviet Union ahead of the hole using radio waves studied karst water bursting with prevention .
high crush proppants
Monday, August 19, 2013
Thursday, August 15, 2013
"He Stone Mountain" can not "jade"
Of shale oil,
shale gas ， coalbed methane and other unconventional oil and gas resources abundant. The face of energy security and greenhouse gas reduction pressure, while in the U.S. shale gas commercially successful role model and the global development boom, driven by the development of unconventional oil and gas resources have also entered the real advance stage. Over the past decade, China's annual submission of proven geological reserves, dense reservoir of oil equivalent increased from 15% to 70%, and tight gas gas production accounted for the national annual output of 1/4, tight oil in the Ordos , Junggar Basin, 500 million to 10 million ton reserves the scale area, southern Qinshui Basin CBM initially built, the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, ground two production bases in southern Sichuan Basin shale gas marine shale in the multi- wells for industrial airflow.
However, many industry experts said frankly,frac sand companies unconventional domestic energy exploration and development started late, in terms of technology, scale, level or rate of development, are still in its infancy.
unconventional gas compared to the booming oil and gas industry in North America, China geology with polycyclic tectonic evolution, mainly continental strata, facies changes and other characteristics, in the context of structural dynamics, depositional environment, source rocks, sediments points sorting, reservoir heterogeneity, migration and accumulation mechanism and gas-water relations and other aspects, the differences were relatively large, which also determines the Chinese unconventional gas development can not copy foreign models.
Exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources, technical requirements, high cost, not only need to identify resource assessment techniques, complex structural conditions drilling technology, but also need to improve different reservoir fracturing technology.
More importantly, the developed part of the molding technique is very suitable for our country. For example, the U.S. shale gas exploration and development are two recognized technologies: hydraulic fracturing and horizontal well technology. The use of the former, a huge amount of water, which is relatively rich in water resources of the U.S. is not a problem, but our shale gas are located in inland water areas, completely foreign technology can only meet a small scale experimental development. In addition, thanks to the inherent advantages of abundant land resources, the United States to achieve a low-cost, factory-style development of shale gas. Forecast for the domestic shale gas is relatively abundant but more hilly southwestern region, almost no replication is possible.
However, many industry experts said frankly,frac sand companies unconventional domestic energy exploration and development started late, in terms of technology, scale, level or rate of development, are still in its infancy.
unconventional gas compared to the booming oil and gas industry in North America, China geology with polycyclic tectonic evolution, mainly continental strata, facies changes and other characteristics, in the context of structural dynamics, depositional environment, source rocks, sediments points sorting, reservoir heterogeneity, migration and accumulation mechanism and gas-water relations and other aspects, the differences were relatively large, which also determines the Chinese unconventional gas development can not copy foreign models.
Exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources, technical requirements, high cost, not only need to identify resource assessment techniques, complex structural conditions drilling technology, but also need to improve different reservoir fracturing technology.
More importantly, the developed part of the molding technique is very suitable for our country. For example, the U.S. shale gas exploration and development are two recognized technologies: hydraulic fracturing and horizontal well technology. The use of the former, a huge amount of water, which is relatively rich in water resources of the U.S. is not a problem, but our shale gas are located in inland water areas, completely foreign technology can only meet a small scale experimental development. In addition, thanks to the inherent advantages of abundant land resources, the United States to achieve a low-cost, factory-style development of shale gas. Forecast for the domestic shale gas is relatively abundant but more hilly southwestern region, almost no replication is possible.
U.S. concerns about the potential risks of energy transport
The rapid development of U.S. oil and gas production, but the work of construction of the pipeline due to political disputes and the high cost of the mire, short-term solution to the problem can not see the future. The United States has favored a more flexible oil transportation rail.Ceramic proppant However, recently the Canadian trip train tanker explosion in the United States caused no small vibration.
In the United States, pipeline construction ineffective in the long term and will not cause too much negative impact, because rail transport crude oil actually very efficient. People often think that, across the vast expanse of land transport crude oil pipeline is faster and more efficient way, however, the energy market experts pointed out that, in fact, faster than rail transport pipeline fast. Bloomberg fossil fuels analyst Charles Blanchard said the pipeline transportation of crude oil is the cheapest way, but rail transport more flexible. "This flexibility in terms of shale oil and gas transportation, especially important because the development of unconventional gas resource depletion faster. Shale developers need to find oil in different places to ensure that the well can maintain high yields." U.S. financial news channel CNBC TV Satellite analysis of the U.S. rail network transport capacity and coverage. Data show that rail transport of crude oil per hour to walk 15 to 20 miles per hour, while the pipeline transported oil can only go four to five miles. However, manufacturers are most concerned about is not speed, but the coverage of the existing rail network. United States currently has 566 freight railway, with a total length of more than 138,000 miles. Some experts pointed out that such a large range of railway network coverage than the pipeline infrastructure is more conducive to North Dakota Bakken oil shale mining Sinotrans. Energy producers choice railway network coverage, but also less susceptible to provoke pipeline construction as the political and regulatory struggle, therefore, very much like crude oil producers take advantage of the flexibility of rail transport. Blanchard pointed out that shale drilling often occurs after the first year of production capacity dropped the issue,frac sand so oil producers in the choice of carriers when suddenly reluctant to sign a contract for several years, and pipeline transportation providers will want to engage in multi-year contract .
In the United States, pipeline construction ineffective in the long term and will not cause too much negative impact, because rail transport crude oil actually very efficient. People often think that, across the vast expanse of land transport crude oil pipeline is faster and more efficient way, however, the energy market experts pointed out that, in fact, faster than rail transport pipeline fast. Bloomberg fossil fuels analyst Charles Blanchard said the pipeline transportation of crude oil is the cheapest way, but rail transport more flexible. "This flexibility in terms of shale oil and gas transportation, especially important because the development of unconventional gas resource depletion faster. Shale developers need to find oil in different places to ensure that the well can maintain high yields." U.S. financial news channel CNBC TV Satellite analysis of the U.S. rail network transport capacity and coverage. Data show that rail transport of crude oil per hour to walk 15 to 20 miles per hour, while the pipeline transported oil can only go four to five miles. However, manufacturers are most concerned about is not speed, but the coverage of the existing rail network. United States currently has 566 freight railway, with a total length of more than 138,000 miles. Some experts pointed out that such a large range of railway network coverage than the pipeline infrastructure is more conducive to North Dakota Bakken oil shale mining Sinotrans. Energy producers choice railway network coverage, but also less susceptible to provoke pipeline construction as the political and regulatory struggle, therefore, very much like crude oil producers take advantage of the flexibility of rail transport. Blanchard pointed out that shale drilling often occurs after the first year of production capacity dropped the issue,frac sand so oil producers in the choice of carriers when suddenly reluctant to sign a contract for several years, and pipeline transportation providers will want to engage in multi-year contract .
British media: British experts said global oil prices could slide
The international oil market two new issues are to OPEC (OPEC, referred OPEC) manufacturing problems, but may be sowing the seeds of the oil price crisis. The first one is the Arab world protests impact,Unconventional gas the campaign began in 2011. The second is the shale technology (horizontal drilling and
hydraulic fracturing ) the development and application of the oil-producing areas.
WANA an important influence on the political turmoil, the oil-producing countries to support the government needs more revenue to ease public unrest that social policies. This requires increased oil prices. For example, it is estimated that in 2008, Saudi Arabia requires only about $ 50 a barrel oil prices can balance its books. Last year, this value is close to $ 95.
If high oil prices to this point, the market will provoke a reaction, and this is the reason shale technologies emerge. This relatively high cost of technology has brought a substantial increase in oil production, most notably in the United States. British Petroleum (BP) released the latest "World Energy Statistics Yearbook" shows that 2012 is the history of U.S. oil production was the highest growth rate of the year.
Meanwhile, the high oil prices will lead oil demand fell. This is in the Middle East, India and China will be particularly evident. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) data, it is expected that three regions will account for 2011-2035 OECD (OECD) oil demand increases beyond 68%. However, these three areas in the past have been heavily subsidized prices, which stimulated the growth in oil demand. Today,frac sand this situation is changing. Since these three regions as price reform, the OPEC oil price will be higher required to pay directly to consumers. This will reduce the demand growth. Which will result in high oil prices is not sustainable. Improve supply and demand reduction will make the necessary high-OPEC oil prices under pressure.
WANA an important influence on the political turmoil, the oil-producing countries to support the government needs more revenue to ease public unrest that social policies. This requires increased oil prices. For example, it is estimated that in 2008, Saudi Arabia requires only about $ 50 a barrel oil prices can balance its books. Last year, this value is close to $ 95.
If high oil prices to this point, the market will provoke a reaction, and this is the reason shale technologies emerge. This relatively high cost of technology has brought a substantial increase in oil production, most notably in the United States. British Petroleum (BP) released the latest "World Energy Statistics Yearbook" shows that 2012 is the history of U.S. oil production was the highest growth rate of the year.
Meanwhile, the high oil prices will lead oil demand fell. This is in the Middle East, India and China will be particularly evident. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) data, it is expected that three regions will account for 2011-2035 OECD (OECD) oil demand increases beyond 68%. However, these three areas in the past have been heavily subsidized prices, which stimulated the growth in oil demand. Today,frac sand this situation is changing. Since these three regions as price reform, the OPEC oil price will be higher required to pay directly to consumers. This will reduce the demand growth. Which will result in high oil prices is not sustainable. Improve supply and demand reduction will make the necessary high-OPEC oil prices under pressure.
Santanghu the development of shale oil
If you can Santanghu Basin exploration success, China's shale oil extraction will play a reference. Zhai said that conventional oil and gas in a thriving geological, reservoir, lids,frac sand rings, transportation, insurance and other structures strictly limited. Instead of conventional oil and gas, such as shale oil, as long as source rocks (source rocks) and storage conditions, it may be out of oil. So the idea to look for conventional oil and gas oil, the oil can not be found in many areas. But if you have the oil and gas exploration and exploitation of unconventional means of exploration and exploitation of sight will be increasing.
Like with shale gas and shale oil extraction on the critical technologies and also the hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells. The current global scale using the above techniques can be unconventional gas exploration areas in North America only. China so far has not yet achieved large-scale commercialization of shale gas exploitation. This is santanghu shale oil still need to introduce foreign companies causes. Consulting Center of CNPC experts, former oil exploration, deputy director of the Ministry of Industry recall measure on the Post reporter yesterday, said, "shale oil, shale gas, in foreign countries, the relationship between share is not very clear, such as the United States Barnett Shale, its northwest corner of the oil-producing, gas production elsewhere. turns out it is mainly produced gas, and later after the U.S. natural gas prices are too low, it is mainly concentrated in the northwest corner out of oil. As another example Eagle Beach, it There is also a gas oil, the original is also a major gas production, gas tumbled later, it produced oil-based, which in a foreign country is a very natural thing. "It is noteworthy that, shale oil still has the characteristics of high quality, This is China's petrochemical industry has a special meaning. Argus DeWitt Asia and the Middle East, vice president of chemicals Anu Agarwal said that,Frac sand for example, the U.S. Bakken and Eagle Ford shale oil than Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil is lighter. When these refiners after extensive use of the shale oil, naphtha produced these lighter components increase the amount of product than in the past lot. Naphtha is an important raw material in the petrochemical industry. A petrochemical person on the Post reporter, said the petrochemical industry, light crude oil (API is greater) advantage, a lot of refined petrochemical products mainly to see the light components of crude oil. And now the reality is that China's petrochemical industry is increasingly heavy crude oil processed.
Like with shale gas and shale oil extraction on the critical technologies and also the hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells. The current global scale using the above techniques can be unconventional gas exploration areas in North America only. China so far has not yet achieved large-scale commercialization of shale gas exploitation. This is santanghu shale oil still need to introduce foreign companies causes. Consulting Center of CNPC experts, former oil exploration, deputy director of the Ministry of Industry recall measure on the Post reporter yesterday, said, "shale oil, shale gas, in foreign countries, the relationship between share is not very clear, such as the United States Barnett Shale, its northwest corner of the oil-producing, gas production elsewhere. turns out it is mainly produced gas, and later after the U.S. natural gas prices are too low, it is mainly concentrated in the northwest corner out of oil. As another example Eagle Beach, it There is also a gas oil, the original is also a major gas production, gas tumbled later, it produced oil-based, which in a foreign country is a very natural thing. "It is noteworthy that, shale oil still has the characteristics of high quality, This is China's petrochemical industry has a special meaning. Argus DeWitt Asia and the Middle East, vice president of chemicals Anu Agarwal said that,Frac sand for example, the U.S. Bakken and Eagle Ford shale oil than Brent and West Texas Intermediate crude oil is lighter. When these refiners after extensive use of the shale oil, naphtha produced these lighter components increase the amount of product than in the past lot. Naphtha is an important raw material in the petrochemical industry. A petrochemical person on the Post reporter, said the petrochemical industry, light crude oil (API is greater) advantage, a lot of refined petrochemical products mainly to see the light components of crude oil. And now the reality is that China's petrochemical industry is increasingly heavy crude oil processed.
PetroChina Xinjiang introducing foreign companies to jointly develop shale oil
Immediately after the shale gas revolution, with a non-conventional oil and gas resources in shale oil (tightoil, ie foreign definition of "tight oil") is on board the world's energy center stage. As crude oil importer after the United States, also has a large number of
Unconventional gas resources in China would also like to shale oil extraction on the difference.
July 23, CNPC signed with U.S. oil and gas enterprises in Xinjiang Basin Malang Santanghu block cooperation agreement, which marked Santanghu shale oil development international cooperation to open the curtain.
Like with shale gas and shale oil extraction on the critical technologies and also the hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells.Proppant The current global scale using the above techniques can be unconventional oil and gas exploration areas in North America only. China so far has not yet achieved large-scale commercialization of shale gas exploitation.
Last year, early in April, PetroChina Tuha Oilfield Group approved the agreement with the two international oil companies to develop three Santanghu shale oil. According to the website of oil formulation, concrete forms of cooperation as follows: In the exploration phase,fracturing proppant the total investment by foreigners, at your own risk; development period, joint investment, pro-rata share. Main objective is the introduction of foreign cooperation in the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas advanced technology, production methods and management.
PetroChina Tuha Oilfield in Xinjiang is the three oilfields, located in Hami, Turpan two administrative regions, 2011 crude oil production 1.55 million tons. Santanghu Tuha basin is the most potential for development of one of the blocks, but the lower grade oil reserves, conventional techniques is difficult for stable production capacity,ceramic ball one million tons of production capacity construction investment is also high, which makes the underground oil reserves have been production is hard to become the ground.
July 23, CNPC signed with U.S. oil and gas enterprises in Xinjiang Basin Malang Santanghu block cooperation agreement, which marked Santanghu shale oil development international cooperation to open the curtain.
Like with shale gas and shale oil extraction on the critical technologies and also the hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells.Proppant The current global scale using the above techniques can be unconventional oil and gas exploration areas in North America only. China so far has not yet achieved large-scale commercialization of shale gas exploitation.
Last year, early in April, PetroChina Tuha Oilfield Group approved the agreement with the two international oil companies to develop three Santanghu shale oil. According to the website of oil formulation, concrete forms of cooperation as follows: In the exploration phase,fracturing proppant the total investment by foreigners, at your own risk; development period, joint investment, pro-rata share. Main objective is the introduction of foreign cooperation in the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas advanced technology, production methods and management.
PetroChina Tuha Oilfield in Xinjiang is the three oilfields, located in Hami, Turpan two administrative regions, 2011 crude oil production 1.55 million tons. Santanghu Tuha basin is the most potential for development of one of the blocks, but the lower grade oil reserves, conventional techniques is difficult for stable production capacity,ceramic ball one million tons of production capacity construction investment is also high, which makes the underground oil reserves have been production is hard to become the ground.
Unconventional reservoirs to replenish their energy needs overall development
Conventional oil and gas reservoirs are mainly medium and high permeability reservoirs, rather than conventional oil and gas reservoirs with low permeability reservoir is. With respect to the oil-water interface, conventional oil and gas reservoirs,
unconventional gas reservoirs no oil-water interface, according to the U.S. Geological Survey in 1995 the latest oil and gas resource evaluation criteria, this reservoir is a continuous reservoir. United States, Canada and other countries proved oil and gas exploration and strengthen dense oil reservoir continuous technology research and new theories reserves, particularly its special distribution of oil and gas research and development is conducive to the distribution of reservoir seismic response, logging discrimination, oil and Gas drilling and test methods, development evaluation, well pattern, enhanced oil recovery and processes supporting other aspects of the targeted technology, help speed up a clear spatial distribution of oil and gas zone boundary,ceramic ball reserve scale, is conducive to the overall unconventional reservoirs studied overall deployment, the overall evaluation and overall development. As conventional oil and gas migration and accumulation of oil and gas reservoirs is the buoyancy force, rather than the conventional oil and gas reservoirs is the main driving force for migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon expansion pressure or stress. Conventional oil and gas reservoirs are mainly atmospheric fluid pressure, additional pressure water injection development of general practice. Instead of conventional oil and gas reservoirs by overpressure to atmospheric pressure to the negative end cyclicity. Overpressure dense low permeability oil and gas reservoirs to charge the main driver of migration, mainly from nearby source rocks in a large number of hydrocarbon produced during, and in the course of episodic expulsion passed to the reservoir,Ceramic proppant so achieve dense unconventional oil reservoirs utilized effectively, it is necessary to conduct an overall supplement energy development, at home and abroad is the most effective means of hydraulic fracturing. But at present, hydraulic fracturing is still facing a series of challenging puzzles, urgent research to crack.
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