Proppant pressure in the closed state

According to the strength of the proppant , the relative relationship between the hardness , the hardness of the rock wall and the closing pressure (close pressure) , the pressure in the closed ceramic proppant has three states .
1 ) proppant embedment formations . If proppant harder than rock hardness , fracture surface embedded proppant , thereby reducing support crack width, reduce fracture conductivity .
2 ) proppant was crushed. If the hardness is less than the proppant rock hardness and compressive strength of the proppant to be smaller than the closing pressure , the proppant is crushed. This not only reduces the propped fracture width , and because of the mutual -embedded proppant crushing support also reduces the fracture permeability , thereby reducing the fracture conductivity .
3 ) proppant compressive deformation. For toughness well fracking, pressure in the closed first ductile deformation proppant increased bearing area , thereby increasing the bearing capacity without proppant crushing . Thus , although the use of toughness proppant proppant fracture width is reduced , but the broken particles do not exist, so there is still a relatively high fracture conductivity .