What type of ceramic can be divided

Ceramic is ceramic particles. Exterior features ceramic Most were round or oval ball, but there are some fake gravel not round or oval ceramic spheres, and irregular shaped gravel. Ceramic shape due to different processes and different. Its surface is a layer of hard shell, this crust was a ceramic or enamel, with a gas impermeable security role, and gives high-strength ceramic. Ceramic color due to the appearance of different materials and processes used and different. Ceramic baking mostly dark red color, red ocher, there are some special varieties of pale yellow, gray and black, white, gray and so on.
Ceramic particle size is generally 5 to 20 mm maximum diameter of 25 mm. Ceramic generally used to replace concrete rubble and gravel.
Different original ceramic particles can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Lytag
Solid waste as the main raw material, adding a certain amount of binder and water, processed into a ball, swelling or burning sintering Nature Conservancy made 5 mm or more in diameter lightweight coarse aggregate, referred Lytag.
(2) clay ceramic
With clay, loam as the main raw material, processed granulated swelling from burning, particle size 5 mm or more in light of coarse aggregate, known as clay ceramic.
(3) Shale
Also known as expanded shale. With clay shale, slate by crushing, screening, grinding, or after a ball, burning swelling in 5 mm diameter made of light above the coarse aggregate for Shale. Shale method is divided according to the process: After crushing, screening, burning swelling from the ordinary type Shale; after grinding, into a ball, made of spherical bulge burning shale.
Ceramic clay, fly ash ceramic, shale with suitable insulation, thermal insulation with lightweight aggregate concrete, can also be used for lightweight aggregate concrete structures used. Currently Shale main purpose is the production of lightweight aggregate concrete small hollow block and lightweight partition board.
(4) garbage ceramic
As cities continue to grow, more and more city garbage, treatment of urban waste, become an increasingly prominent issue.
Ceramic is a city garbage after garbage disposal, granulated, calcined to produce sintered ceramic. Or will refuse granulated slag cement is added, The Nature Conservancy, to produce high density ceramic unburned trash. Garbage ceramic materials with sufficient, low cost, low power consumption, light weight high strength and other characteristics. In addition to the garbage can be made of ceramic ball wall panels, blocks, tiles and other new wall materials, but also can be used as insulation, floor, lightweight concrete, water purification and other purposes, and has broad market.
(5) gangue ceramic
Carbon content of coal gangue is discharged during the few black waste rock, is the largest emissions of solid waste, emissions and accumulation not only take up a lot of arable land, while the earth's surface, the atmosphere caused a great deal of pollution. The chemical composition of coal gangue and clay is quite similar, coal containing high carbon and sulfur, a larger loss on ignition. Only in a certain temperature range in order to produce a sufficient number of suitable viscosity of the molten material, having an expansion capability. According to its characteristics, China has developed a ceramic gangue.
Gangue resin coated ceramic  expansion is in line with the requirements of burning coal gangue by crushing, preheating, burning swelling, cooling, grading, packing and produced. Ceramic product quality in full compliance with national standards, some technical indicators exceed national standards, reached similar foreign products quality, the product is innovative, first, and is environmentally friendly products.
(6) the biological sludge ceramic
After the completion of sewage treatment plant sewage generated, and contains a lot of biological sludge, biological sludge and some made agricultural fertilizer, some directly for the green, and some discharge into the sea or burned, it will cause secondary ecological environmental pollution. Currently, biological sludge as the main raw material, the use of drying, grinding, into a ball, the sintered Resin coated ceramic proppant , ceramic called Sewage biosolids. Biological sludge to replace part of clay fired ceramic clay saving, protecting farmland, but also played a role in environmental protection

Ceramic sand production process

Ceramic sand proppant regardless of material, commonly used material homogenization, granulation, roasting, cooling of the production process. Depending on the type and nature of the material, its granulation process can have: a plastic method process: for clay and clay materials, the ultra lightweight proppant : Clay → plasticizing, homogenizing roller granulation → → → cooling → finished baking. Ceramic sand proppant 2, mud balling process: for fly ash or other powdery raw material, the fracking process : Fly → mixed homogenized into a ball pan granulation → → → cooling → ​​finished baking. 3, grinding into a ball technology: for such as shale, shale and coal gangue materials, its processes: grinding shale → drying → → → pre-wet ball into roasting pan granulation → → cooling → finished, admixture. 4, broken (dry) process: for shale and other raw materials, the process: shale crusher classification → → → cooling → finished baking. 5, fuel: according to local fuel supply situation, the use of bituminous coal, fuel oil or natural gas.

Quality ceramic proppant oil production release decision

Hydraulic fracturing technology in fracturing fracturing session material is a key ring, and the quality of materials is a key safeguard hydraulic fracturing benifits construction quality, fracturing the material can safely and timely security for, is to determine the bite oilfield production a top priority. Ceramic proppant crushing rate detection focus indicators, standards ≤7%.
1940 test without fracturing proppant, due to poor performance without proppant fracturing stop soon. Early in 1950 the use of quartz sand and fracture stimulation Illinois Chau Ottawa River from Arkansas formation of Saint Peter "White" quartz sand. 1958 Brady Hickory nearby sandstone "Brown" quartz sand. 1960 glass beads, plastic beads, walnut shells - try sanding single design, due to the settlement, embedded, stress concentration and failure (soluble proppant spacers). 1970-1975 curable resin wrapped quartz sand. 1979 The first commercial ceramic proppant. 1980-1982 pre-cured resin wrapped quartz sand. 1985 low density ceramic, porous proppant additives; such as adding inhibitors to prevent scale and the like, to improve the strength of some of the ceramic product and a more narrow particle size distribution range. 2002 very low-density ceramic proppant success.

Ceramic sand production processes

Ceramic sand production processes
Simply put, oil sands production of ceramic proppant can be summarized as broken, ingredients, grinding, Ball, calcined, coal preparation, finished cooling, screening, packaging and other processes. The main raw material for high-grade bauxite.
1, broken:
Mining of bauxite, fragmentation is generally about 300 ~ 500mm, containing a small amount of water. Generally use the secondary crushing system jaw crusher and hammer crusher composition, the particle size control in ≤8mm.
Bauxite into the plant after, according to different tastes, separate pile. When used in accordance with the use of indicators.
In the production process of ceramic proppants  is generally added manganese (Mn) elements to reduce the sintering temperature and the product dyed dark. At present, most domestic manufacturers to adopt low-grade (content ~ 50%) of ash as a source of manganese ore or manganese and manganese.
2, ingredients:
Bauxite, manganese powder, recycled materials and other types of materials were transported to the respective material library, set up under the governor belt weigher library materials to achieve automatic dosing.
3, grinding:
Generally use drying and grinding mill, supporting efficient separator, form a closed circuit system. Such high grinding efficiency. Hot air drying of materials from the rotary kiln exhaust gas can, so that waste heat utilization; you can also set up a special stove.
4. Ball:
The raw material powder mill in raw material storage library. General Settings 2 to 3 libraries, the material can be used alone, or more libraries with the material.
Raw material powder is fed into a small hopper, silo screw metering device settings or speed belt scale system, measuring raw quantity. The raw material into the disc-ball machine. At the same time, the use of the meter how much water can be measured by the pipeline pumps the water is injected into the disc-ball machine inside. Ball machine rotation, the particle size of the material can be made into a variety of balls.
Feeding the ball out of late, by the belt into the screening device, qualified into the kiln, excessive flow back to the raw material grinding. According to different kiln production, with a different number of disc-ball machine. The high degree of automation-ball system, continuous process, matching bag filter, you can achieve compliance jobs dust, clean job working environment.
5, calcined:
Feed the ball into the rotary kiln calcination with a certain slope, with the rotation of the rotary kiln, the kiln feed the ball rolling, while pulverized coal is injected into the kiln from the kiln burning, pellet was calcined in a rotary kiln to strength high ceramic sand.
Pulverized coal burner can use a single duct pulverized coal burner, simple and reliable, a high wind; can also be used windy road burners, primary air volume can be reduced to 8% pulverized coal combustion air volume required to improve the secondary into the kiln wind, energy-saving effect is remarkable. Windy road into outer burners Axial wind, coal wind, wind, etc. within the axial flow, flame shape is very easy to adjust.
Measurement of pulverized coal can be used for weighing or rotor Coriolis force scale, precise control of the amount of coal under stable kiln thermal system.
6, coal preparation:
Preparation of coal can be used ball mill or vertical mill, hot air drying pulverized coal can be extracted from the kiln hood. Dynamic separator coal fineness can be adjusted for full combustion of pulverized coal provided the conditions.
7, finished cooling:
ceramic proppant manufacturers  cooling generally use rotary coolers, work is simple and reliable, secondary air cooler completely into the kiln, with the use of multi-channel burner, but you can save a lot of energy. A cooler temperature ceramic sand is very low, you can use the clutch up.
8, the screening:
A cooler ceramic sand, can be transported directly to the multi-level shaker, as required particle size into multiple grades.
Ceramic sand Specifications
Ⅰ type 0.45-0.9mm (20 mesh -40 mesh) high intensity density
Type Ⅱ 0.9-1.25mm (16 mesh -20 mesh) high intensity density
Ⅲ type 1.0-1.70mm (12 mesh -18 mesh) high intensity density
Ⅳ type 0.224-0.65mm (40 mesh -60 mesh) high intensity density
Returns the raw chunks of broken processes.
9. Packing
high density ceramic sand sieved into different silo, warehouse set up electronic measurement scales under the weight of the finished product qualified bagged, sealed after the sewing machine, piling up in the finished product warehouse, to prepare for delivery.
In the process of all the dust points are set bag filter, so clean production.

The density of Sha performance of ceramsite

Ceramsite has been rapid development in the world, because it has many excellent properties of other materials do not possess, this outstanding performance, this outstanding performance makes it with other materials can not replace the role of. The excellent performance of the following aspects.

密度小、质轻

Density of small, lightweight

陶粒自身的堆积密度小于1100kg/m3，一般为300～900kg/m3。以陶粒为骨料制作的混凝土密度为1100～1800kg/m3，相应的混凝土抗压强度为30.5～40.0Mpa。陶粒的最大特点是外表坚硬，而内部有许许多多的微孔。这些微孔赋予陶粒质轻的特性。200号粉煤灰陶粒混凝土的密度为1600kg/m3左右，而相同标号的普通混凝土的密度却高达2600kg/m3，二者相差1000kg/m3。

The accumulation of Ceramics Prop own density is less than 1100kg/m3, generally 300 ~ 900kg/m3. With ceramsite concrete aggregate production is 1100 ~ 1800kg/m3, the compressive strength of concrete corresponding to 30.5 ~ 40.0Mpa. The biggest characteristic of ceramic proppant  is hard appearance, while the interior has many micropores. These microporous give ceramsite lightweight characteristics. No. 200 of fly ash ceramsite concrete density is about 1600kg/m3, and the normal concrete with the same grade density is up to 2600kg/m3, the difference between the two 1000kg/m3.

保温、隔热

The heat preservation, heat insulation

陶粒由于内部多孔，故具有良好的保温隔热性，用它配制的混凝土热导率一般为0.3～0.8W/（mok），比普通混凝土低1～2倍。所以，陶粒建筑都有良好的热环境。

As the ceramic inner porous, so it has good thermal insulation, the thermal conductivity of concrete prepared with its rate is generally 0.3 ~ 0.8W/ (Mok), is lower than normal concrete is 1 ~ 2 times. Therefore, ceramic building has a good thermal environment.

耐火性优异

Excellent flame resistance

普通粉煤灰陶粒混凝土或粉煤灰陶粒砌块集保温、抗震、抗冻、耐火等性能于一体，特别是耐火性是普通混凝土的4倍多。对相同的耐火周期，陶粒混凝土的板材厚度比普通混凝土薄20%。此外，粉煤灰陶粒还可以配制耐火度1200℃以下的耐火混凝土。在650℃的高温下，陶粒混凝土能维持常温下强度的85%。而普通混凝土只能维持常温下强度的35%～75%。

Ordinary fly ash ceramsite concrete or fly ash ceramsite brick insulation, seismic, frost and fire resistance performance in one, especially the fire resistance is more than 4 times that of ordinary concrete. Refractory period of the same, the plate thickness of ceramsite concrete than ordinary concrete thin 20%. In addition, fly ash high density ceramic can be also formulated refractory refractory concrete degree of 1200 deg. In the high temperature of 650 DEG C, ceramsite concrete can maintain the normal temperature strength of 85%. While the ordinary concrete can maintain the normal temperature strength of 35% ~ 75%.

抗震性能好

Good performance of the seismic resistant

陶粒混凝土由于质量轻，弹性模量低，抗变形性能好，故具有较好的抗震性能。在1976年唐山大地震中，天津建造的4栋陶粒混凝土大板建筑均基本完好，并能照常使用。而其周围相当数量的砖混建筑都不同程度地受到震害。这虽然与建筑结构体系有关，但是陶粒混凝土具有优良的抗震性能也是一个重要原因。1976年意大利费留利地区发生9级的强烈地震，统计资料表明，砖混建筑物损坏率达40%～60%，框架结构黏土空心砖建筑损坏率为33%，而陶粒混凝土建筑损坏率只有5%。陶粒的抗震性能由此可见。

Ceramsite concrete because of light weight, low elastic modulus, good deformation resistance, so it has better seismic performance. In the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, 4 buildings of ceramic ball concrete slab building built in Tianjin are largely intact, and can be used as usual. And its surrounding a considerable number of masonry buildings are subject to varying degrees of damage. Although this is related to the building structure and systems, but of ceramsite concrete has excellent seismic performance is also an important reason. The 1976 Italy fee Liuli area 9 earthquake occurred, the statistical data shows, brick and concrete building damage rate of 40% ~ 60%, the frame structure of clay hollow brick for building damage rate was 33%, while the ceramsite concrete building damage rate of only 5%. This shows that the seismic performance of ceramsite.

Application Status oil fracturing proppant

Understood fracturing technology is an important means of transformation of oil and gas fields, it is the use of artificial methods to fluid injection rock grassroots pressure to exceed the formation fracture strength, so that cracks around the wellbore rock formation A high-flow capacity of the channel has. In order to maintain the open crack formation after natural gas fracturing oil and gas product can be smoothly through the injection of particulate proppant is one of the important measures.
Fracturing technology for worldwide oil production plays a very important role, and oil is a key oil fracturing proppant fracturing technology can be successful. Quality proppant can play an important role for the extraction of crude oil. Oil fracturing proppant, is to keep the deep fissure formation rock split state support, particle size 0.4-0.9 mm, there is a certain roundness and sphericity. During use, the proppantfracturing sand fluid mixing, the use of coercion injected deep cracks in the rock strata support in order to improve the rate of oil derivative, increase oil production.
The commonly used quartz sand proppant, and a variety of resin coated ceramic composite particles. Which quartz sand cheapest price, relatively low density, to facilitate the construction of pumping, so it is widely used. However, the low intensity of quartz sand, the ball is poor, thereby reducing fracture conductivity, especially not apply to closed high pressure deep. Quartz sand coated with a resin composite particles, the sphericity improved corrosion resistance can be achieved a higher index, even if the internal quartz sand are crushed, the outside may be coated with a resin layer wrapped pieces, holding diversion cracks capacity, is a law of the development direction of fracturing support agent, but the current product shelf life is relatively short, the cost is also high. With a variety of different materials and manufacturing process of ceramic, quartz sand relative density is slightly higher than for the fracturing proppants fluid pumping conditions and are demanding higher performance, increased the difficulty of hydraulic fracturing time, but ceramic ball and roundness of quartz sand than good, can reach more than 0.9, especially corrosion resistance, temperature resistance and compressive strength are higher than the quartz sand, so the fracture conductivity decline rate is much lower. Now has more and more widely used oil and gas fields.

Performance oil fracturing proppant

The role of oil fracturing proppant (Fracturing Proppant) that separates the two wall cracks and effective support, so that after the fracturing always cracks can be effectively supported, thus eliminating most of the radial flow formation, formation fluids to linear flow way into the cracks. Usually require fracture permeability formation permeability than several orders of magnitude. Understand the type of proppant and closed in a state of stress, performance evaluation and proppant fracture conductivity to support a variety of factors influence, is the right choice and use of proppant foundation. 

Oil acid fracturing  application must meet the following performance requirements: 

(1) high strength. Ensure high closure under pressure to obtain the most effective support can still crack. Proppant type and different composition, its intensity is different, the higher the intensity, the greater the pressure capacity. 

(2) particle size uniformity, sphericity. Proppant uniform particle size can improve the bearing capacity and permeability of the proppant. The proppant particle diameter currently used is usually 0.45 ~ 0.9mm (i.e., 40/20 mesh), sometimes with a small diameter of 0.9 ~ 1.25mm (i.e., 20/16 mesh). 

(3) less impurities. Support in order to avoid clogging the pores and cracks reduce fracture conductivity. hydraulic fracturing sand impurity refers carbonate mixed in the sand, feldspar, clay, iron oxide and other minerals; a marine acid solubility measured in the presence of carbonate fracturing sand, feldspar, and iron oxide content; used to measure the turbidity is present in the oil fracturing proppant sand content of clay, silt or inorganic substance particles. 

(4) low-density bulk density is preferably less than 2000kg / m3, in order to facilitate delivery of fracturing fluid and proppant filled fractures effective. 

(5) high-temperature saline is chemically inert, does not chemically react with the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid, to avoid contamination of the propped fracture; 

(6) Adequate supply cheap.