What type of ceramic can be divided

Ceramic is ceramic particles. Exterior features ceramic Most were round or oval ball, but there are some fake gravel not round or oval ceramic spheres, and irregular shaped gravel. Ceramic shape due to different processes and different. Its surface is a layer of hard shell, this crust was a ceramic or enamel, with a gas impermeable security role, and gives high-strength ceramic. Ceramic color due to the appearance of different materials and processes used and different. Ceramic baking mostly dark red color, red ocher, there are some special varieties of pale yellow, gray and black, white, gray and so on.
Ceramic particle size is generally 5 to 20 mm maximum diameter of 25 mm. Ceramic generally used to replace concrete rubble and gravel.
Different original ceramic particles can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Lytag
Solid waste as the main raw material, adding a certain amount of binder and water, processed into a ball, swelling or burning sintering Nature Conservancy made 5 mm or more in diameter lightweight coarse aggregate, referred Lytag.
(2) clay ceramic
With clay, loam as the main raw material, processed granulated swelling from burning, particle size 5 mm or more in light of coarse aggregate, known as clay ceramic.
(3) Shale
Also known as expanded shale. With clay shale, slate by crushing, screening, grinding, or after a ball, burning swelling in 5 mm diameter made of light above the coarse aggregate for Shale. Shale method is divided according to the process: After crushing, screening, burning swelling from the ordinary type Shale; after grinding, into a ball, made of spherical bulge burning shale.
Ceramic clay, fly ash ceramic, shale with suitable insulation, thermal insulation with lightweight aggregate concrete, can also be used for lightweight aggregate concrete structures used. Currently Shale main purpose is the production of lightweight aggregate concrete small hollow block and lightweight partition board.
(4) garbage ceramic
As cities continue to grow, more and more city garbage, treatment of urban waste, become an increasingly prominent issue.
Ceramic is a city garbage after garbage disposal, granulated, calcined to produce sintered ceramic. Or will refuse granulated slag cement is added, The Nature Conservancy, to produce high density ceramic unburned trash. Garbage ceramic materials with sufficient, low cost, low power consumption, light weight high strength and other characteristics. In addition to the garbage can be made of ceramic ball wall panels, blocks, tiles and other new wall materials, but also can be used as insulation, floor, lightweight concrete, water purification and other purposes, and has broad market.
(5) gangue ceramic
Carbon content of coal gangue is discharged during the few black waste rock, is the largest emissions of solid waste, emissions and accumulation not only take up a lot of arable land, while the earth's surface, the atmosphere caused a great deal of pollution. The chemical composition of coal gangue and clay is quite similar, coal containing high carbon and sulfur, a larger loss on ignition. Only in a certain temperature range in order to produce a sufficient number of suitable viscosity of the molten material, having an expansion capability. According to its characteristics, China has developed a ceramic gangue.
Gangue resin coated ceramic  expansion is in line with the requirements of burning coal gangue by crushing, preheating, burning swelling, cooling, grading, packing and produced. Ceramic product quality in full compliance with national standards, some technical indicators exceed national standards, reached similar foreign products quality, the product is innovative, first, and is environmentally friendly products.
(6) the biological sludge ceramic
After the completion of sewage treatment plant sewage generated, and contains a lot of biological sludge, biological sludge and some made agricultural fertilizer, some directly for the green, and some discharge into the sea or burned, it will cause secondary ecological environmental pollution. Currently, biological sludge as the main raw material, the use of drying, grinding, into a ball, the sintered Resin coated ceramic proppant , ceramic called Sewage biosolids. Biological sludge to replace part of clay fired ceramic clay saving, protecting farmland, but also played a role in environmental protection

Ceramic sand production process

Ceramic sand proppant regardless of material, commonly used material homogenization, granulation, roasting, cooling of the production process. Depending on the type and nature of the material, its granulation process can have: a plastic method process: for clay and clay materials, the ultra lightweight proppant : Clay → plasticizing, homogenizing roller granulation → → → cooling → finished baking. Ceramic sand proppant 2, mud balling process: for fly ash or other powdery raw material, the fracking process : Fly → mixed homogenized into a ball pan granulation → → → cooling → ​​finished baking. 3, grinding into a ball technology: for such as shale, shale and coal gangue materials, its processes: grinding shale → drying → → → pre-wet ball into roasting pan granulation → → cooling → finished, admixture. 4, broken (dry) process: for shale and other raw materials, the process: shale crusher classification → → → cooling → finished baking. 5, fuel: according to local fuel supply situation, the use of bituminous coal, fuel oil or natural gas.

Quality ceramic proppant oil production release decision

Hydraulic fracturing technology in fracturing fracturing session material is a key ring, and the quality of materials is a key safeguard hydraulic fracturing benifits construction quality, fracturing the material can safely and timely security for, is to determine the bite oilfield production a top priority. Ceramic proppant crushing rate detection focus indicators, standards ≤7%.
1940 test without fracturing proppant, due to poor performance without proppant fracturing stop soon. Early in 1950 the use of quartz sand and fracture stimulation Illinois Chau Ottawa River from Arkansas formation of Saint Peter "White" quartz sand. 1958 Brady Hickory nearby sandstone "Brown" quartz sand. 1960 glass beads, plastic beads, walnut shells - try sanding single design, due to the settlement, embedded, stress concentration and failure (soluble proppant spacers). 1970-1975 curable resin wrapped quartz sand. 1979 The first commercial ceramic proppant. 1980-1982 pre-cured resin wrapped quartz sand. 1985 low density ceramic, porous proppant additives; such as adding inhibitors to prevent scale and the like, to improve the strength of some of the ceramic product and a more narrow particle size distribution range. 2002 very low-density ceramic proppant success.

Ceramic sand production processes

Ceramic sand production processes
Simply put, oil sands production of ceramic proppant can be summarized as broken, ingredients, grinding, Ball, calcined, coal preparation, finished cooling, screening, packaging and other processes. The main raw material for high-grade bauxite.
1, broken:
Mining of bauxite, fragmentation is generally about 300 ~ 500mm, containing a small amount of water. Generally use the secondary crushing system jaw crusher and hammer crusher composition, the particle size control in ≤8mm.
Bauxite into the plant after, according to different tastes, separate pile. When used in accordance with the use of indicators.
In the production process of ceramic proppants  is generally added manganese (Mn) elements to reduce the sintering temperature and the product dyed dark. At present, most domestic manufacturers to adopt low-grade (content ~ 50%) of ash as a source of manganese ore or manganese and manganese.
2, ingredients:
Bauxite, manganese powder, recycled materials and other types of materials were transported to the respective material library, set up under the governor belt weigher library materials to achieve automatic dosing.
3, grinding:
Generally use drying and grinding mill, supporting efficient separator, form a closed circuit system. Such high grinding efficiency. Hot air drying of materials from the rotary kiln exhaust gas can, so that waste heat utilization; you can also set up a special stove.
4. Ball:
The raw material powder mill in raw material storage library. General Settings 2 to 3 libraries, the material can be used alone, or more libraries with the material.
Raw material powder is fed into a small hopper, silo screw metering device settings or speed belt scale system, measuring raw quantity. The raw material into the disc-ball machine. At the same time, the use of the meter how much water can be measured by the pipeline pumps the water is injected into the disc-ball machine inside. Ball machine rotation, the particle size of the material can be made into a variety of balls.
Feeding the ball out of late, by the belt into the screening device, qualified into the kiln, excessive flow back to the raw material grinding. According to different kiln production, with a different number of disc-ball machine. The high degree of automation-ball system, continuous process, matching bag filter, you can achieve compliance jobs dust, clean job working environment.
5, calcined:
Feed the ball into the rotary kiln calcination with a certain slope, with the rotation of the rotary kiln, the kiln feed the ball rolling, while pulverized coal is injected into the kiln from the kiln burning, pellet was calcined in a rotary kiln to strength high ceramic sand.
Pulverized coal burner can use a single duct pulverized coal burner, simple and reliable, a high wind; can also be used windy road burners, primary air volume can be reduced to 8% pulverized coal combustion air volume required to improve the secondary into the kiln wind, energy-saving effect is remarkable. Windy road into outer burners Axial wind, coal wind, wind, etc. within the axial flow, flame shape is very easy to adjust.
Measurement of pulverized coal can be used for weighing or rotor Coriolis force scale, precise control of the amount of coal under stable kiln thermal system.
6, coal preparation:
Preparation of coal can be used ball mill or vertical mill, hot air drying pulverized coal can be extracted from the kiln hood. Dynamic separator coal fineness can be adjusted for full combustion of pulverized coal provided the conditions.
7, finished cooling:
ceramic proppant manufacturers  cooling generally use rotary coolers, work is simple and reliable, secondary air cooler completely into the kiln, with the use of multi-channel burner, but you can save a lot of energy. A cooler temperature ceramic sand is very low, you can use the clutch up.
8, the screening:
A cooler ceramic sand, can be transported directly to the multi-level shaker, as required particle size into multiple grades.
Ceramic sand Specifications
Ⅰ type 0.45-0.9mm (20 mesh -40 mesh) high intensity density
Type Ⅱ 0.9-1.25mm (16 mesh -20 mesh) high intensity density
Ⅲ type 1.0-1.70mm (12 mesh -18 mesh) high intensity density
Ⅳ type 0.224-0.65mm (40 mesh -60 mesh) high intensity density
Returns the raw chunks of broken processes.
9. Packing
high density ceramic sand sieved into different silo, warehouse set up electronic measurement scales under the weight of the finished product qualified bagged, sealed after the sewing machine, piling up in the finished product warehouse, to prepare for delivery.
In the process of all the dust points are set bag filter, so clean production.

The density of Sha performance of ceramsite

Ceramsite has been rapid development in the world, because it has many excellent properties of other materials do not possess, this outstanding performance, this outstanding performance makes it with other materials can not replace the role of. The excellent performance of the following aspects.

密度小、质轻

Density of small, lightweight

陶粒自身的堆积密度小于1100kg/m3，一般为300～900kg/m3。以陶粒为骨料制作的混凝土密度为1100～1800kg/m3，相应的混凝土抗压强度为30.5～40.0Mpa。陶粒的最大特点是外表坚硬，而内部有许许多多的微孔。这些微孔赋予陶粒质轻的特性。200号粉煤灰陶粒混凝土的密度为1600kg/m3左右，而相同标号的普通混凝土的密度却高达2600kg/m3，二者相差1000kg/m3。

The accumulation of Ceramics Prop own density is less than 1100kg/m3, generally 300 ~ 900kg/m3. With ceramsite concrete aggregate production is 1100 ~ 1800kg/m3, the compressive strength of concrete corresponding to 30.5 ~ 40.0Mpa. The biggest characteristic of ceramic proppant  is hard appearance, while the interior has many micropores. These microporous give ceramsite lightweight characteristics. No. 200 of fly ash ceramsite concrete density is about 1600kg/m3, and the normal concrete with the same grade density is up to 2600kg/m3, the difference between the two 1000kg/m3.

保温、隔热

The heat preservation, heat insulation

陶粒由于内部多孔，故具有良好的保温隔热性，用它配制的混凝土热导率一般为0.3～0.8W/（mok），比普通混凝土低1～2倍。所以，陶粒建筑都有良好的热环境。

As the ceramic inner porous, so it has good thermal insulation, the thermal conductivity of concrete prepared with its rate is generally 0.3 ~ 0.8W/ (Mok), is lower than normal concrete is 1 ~ 2 times. Therefore, ceramic building has a good thermal environment.

耐火性优异

Excellent flame resistance

普通粉煤灰陶粒混凝土或粉煤灰陶粒砌块集保温、抗震、抗冻、耐火等性能于一体，特别是耐火性是普通混凝土的4倍多。对相同的耐火周期，陶粒混凝土的板材厚度比普通混凝土薄20%。此外，粉煤灰陶粒还可以配制耐火度1200℃以下的耐火混凝土。在650℃的高温下，陶粒混凝土能维持常温下强度的85%。而普通混凝土只能维持常温下强度的35%～75%。

Ordinary fly ash ceramsite concrete or fly ash ceramsite brick insulation, seismic, frost and fire resistance performance in one, especially the fire resistance is more than 4 times that of ordinary concrete. Refractory period of the same, the plate thickness of ceramsite concrete than ordinary concrete thin 20%. In addition, fly ash high density ceramic can be also formulated refractory refractory concrete degree of 1200 deg. In the high temperature of 650 DEG C, ceramsite concrete can maintain the normal temperature strength of 85%. While the ordinary concrete can maintain the normal temperature strength of 35% ~ 75%.

抗震性能好

Good performance of the seismic resistant

陶粒混凝土由于质量轻，弹性模量低，抗变形性能好，故具有较好的抗震性能。在1976年唐山大地震中，天津建造的4栋陶粒混凝土大板建筑均基本完好，并能照常使用。而其周围相当数量的砖混建筑都不同程度地受到震害。这虽然与建筑结构体系有关，但是陶粒混凝土具有优良的抗震性能也是一个重要原因。1976年意大利费留利地区发生9级的强烈地震，统计资料表明，砖混建筑物损坏率达40%～60%，框架结构黏土空心砖建筑损坏率为33%，而陶粒混凝土建筑损坏率只有5%。陶粒的抗震性能由此可见。

Ceramsite concrete because of light weight, low elastic modulus, good deformation resistance, so it has better seismic performance. In the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, 4 buildings of ceramic ball concrete slab building built in Tianjin are largely intact, and can be used as usual. And its surrounding a considerable number of masonry buildings are subject to varying degrees of damage. Although this is related to the building structure and systems, but of ceramsite concrete has excellent seismic performance is also an important reason. The 1976 Italy fee Liuli area 9 earthquake occurred, the statistical data shows, brick and concrete building damage rate of 40% ~ 60%, the frame structure of clay hollow brick for building damage rate was 33%, while the ceramsite concrete building damage rate of only 5%. This shows that the seismic performance of ceramsite.

Application Status oil fracturing proppant

Understood fracturing technology is an important means of transformation of oil and gas fields, it is the use of artificial methods to fluid injection rock grassroots pressure to exceed the formation fracture strength, so that cracks around the wellbore rock formation A high-flow capacity of the channel has. In order to maintain the open crack formation after natural gas fracturing oil and gas product can be smoothly through the injection of particulate proppant is one of the important measures.
Fracturing technology for worldwide oil production plays a very important role, and oil is a key oil fracturing proppant fracturing technology can be successful. Quality proppant can play an important role for the extraction of crude oil. Oil fracturing proppant, is to keep the deep fissure formation rock split state support, particle size 0.4-0.9 mm, there is a certain roundness and sphericity. During use, the proppantfracturing sand fluid mixing, the use of coercion injected deep cracks in the rock strata support in order to improve the rate of oil derivative, increase oil production.
The commonly used quartz sand proppant, and a variety of resin coated ceramic composite particles. Which quartz sand cheapest price, relatively low density, to facilitate the construction of pumping, so it is widely used. However, the low intensity of quartz sand, the ball is poor, thereby reducing fracture conductivity, especially not apply to closed high pressure deep. Quartz sand coated with a resin composite particles, the sphericity improved corrosion resistance can be achieved a higher index, even if the internal quartz sand are crushed, the outside may be coated with a resin layer wrapped pieces, holding diversion cracks capacity, is a law of the development direction of fracturing support agent, but the current product shelf life is relatively short, the cost is also high. With a variety of different materials and manufacturing process of ceramic, quartz sand relative density is slightly higher than for the fracturing proppants fluid pumping conditions and are demanding higher performance, increased the difficulty of hydraulic fracturing time, but ceramic ball and roundness of quartz sand than good, can reach more than 0.9, especially corrosion resistance, temperature resistance and compressive strength are higher than the quartz sand, so the fracture conductivity decline rate is much lower. Now has more and more widely used oil and gas fields.

Performance oil fracturing proppant

The role of oil fracturing proppant (Fracturing Proppant) that separates the two wall cracks and effective support, so that after the fracturing always cracks can be effectively supported, thus eliminating most of the radial flow formation, formation fluids to linear flow way into the cracks. Usually require fracture permeability formation permeability than several orders of magnitude. Understand the type of proppant and closed in a state of stress, performance evaluation and proppant fracture conductivity to support a variety of factors influence, is the right choice and use of proppant foundation. 

Oil acid fracturing  application must meet the following performance requirements: 

(1) high strength. Ensure high closure under pressure to obtain the most effective support can still crack. Proppant type and different composition, its intensity is different, the higher the intensity, the greater the pressure capacity. 

(2) particle size uniformity, sphericity. Proppant uniform particle size can improve the bearing capacity and permeability of the proppant. The proppant particle diameter currently used is usually 0.45 ~ 0.9mm (i.e., 40/20 mesh), sometimes with a small diameter of 0.9 ~ 1.25mm (i.e., 20/16 mesh). 

(3) less impurities. Support in order to avoid clogging the pores and cracks reduce fracture conductivity. hydraulic fracturing sand impurity refers carbonate mixed in the sand, feldspar, clay, iron oxide and other minerals; a marine acid solubility measured in the presence of carbonate fracturing sand, feldspar, and iron oxide content; used to measure the turbidity is present in the oil fracturing proppant sand content of clay, silt or inorganic substance particles. 

(4) low-density bulk density is preferably less than 2000kg / m3, in order to facilitate delivery of fracturing fluid and proppant filled fractures effective. 

(5) high-temperature saline is chemically inert, does not chemically react with the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid, to avoid contamination of the propped fracture; 

(6) Adequate supply cheap. 

Role of ceramic proppant

Ceramic proppant oil, a key material of low permeability gas exploration fracturing oil and gas wells, in good macroeconomic policy, ceramic proppant products in the future natural gas fracturing exploration and development of oil and gas wells in applications will be more widely used , in line with national industrial policies. Accelerate local economic development, through the development of energy, increase investment, the development of new application technology, led a complete industrial chain of circular economy and building a harmonious society has become the primary task of the various local governments. Ceramic proppant has played an important natural gas fracking role in the application of oil and gas wells, not only to increase oil and gas production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells. Therefore, from the ceramic proppant developed technology, the practical application point of view, there is a very good market space, in line with the relevant policies of local governments.

Ceramic proppant industry market concentration is low

China's ceramic proppant industry market concentration is low at present, China's ceramic proppant manufacturing enterprises large enterprises small, mostly small-scale manufacturers, has a monopoly position in the leading brands of very few on the market monopoly is not proppants for hydraulic fracturing strong enough. Market structure of ceramic proppant industry presents a low degree of concentration conditions, product diversification gradually increased. The first step is to enterprises with more than 100 million yuan in annual sales, a small number of such enterprises; second step is the annual sales of between 10 million yuan to 1 billion business, a relatively large number of medium-sized firms, accounting about 25% of the total number ceramic proppants of enterprises; while the largest number of 10 million yuan below the small-scale enterprises, we can say plenty of room for market growth, companies with good prospects. Third, the ceramic proppant industry technology development of China at present, China fired ceramic kiln incineration process commonly used to prepare material its matching, sludge dewatering, drying, resin coated proppant grinding, kiln into a ball, the kiln into a ball fired thermal screening classification, control of raw materials testing, finished product to detect and adapt to their firing technology, equipment, automation and control, has mature experience.

International ceramic proppant industry trends analysis

Ceramic proppant industry, the major countries of the World ceramic proppant market consumption scale, will continue to remain at around 10 million tons, or a slight increase in the period. Currently, resin coated ceramic proppant the world's leading producer of ceramic proppant ten are China, Japan, the United States, Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Italy, England, France, Argentina. Among them, China, the United States, Russia, the main products to domestic consumption; Britain, France and export roughly; other countries, mostly ceramic proppant exporter, exports accounted for about 30% of their total output to 70%. Global ceramic proppant market by region can be divided into North America, Europe, Japan, China, Asia-Pacific (excluding Japan and china proppant) and other five major regional markets.International ceramic proppant industry trends analysis in North America, Europe and Asia has been the world's leading petrochemical market production and consumption areas, since the 1980s, so far, has been the world's petrochemical industry structure adjustment occurs, the Western countries have been committed in high-tech development, energy-intensive and labor-intensive production of bulk chemical products Ceramic proppants industry gradually, transferred from Western Europe to North America, Asia Pacific and the Middle East, the proportion of the world petrochemical market in North America and Western Europe has thus decreased; recent years, As the market, trade, prices and other factors, particularly in Europe and stringent environmental requirements, forcing Western countries tighten their petrochemical production, and turn to the resources of the country or have the majority of markets in developing countries invest and build factories and joint ventures set up factories.

Frac sand companies produce liquid at temperatures lower

Fired frac sand companies production is most important a process, have a great impact on their microstructure and macroscopic properties. After determining the ratio of the specimen, it will produce a fine powder in the firing process at a lower temperature between the liquid phase, but also to frac sand companies and petrochemical reactions corundum frac proppant crystal form transition occurs, and therefore the firing temperature must be controlled so that maintained within the optimum temperature range to ensure after the firing has excellent frac sand companies overall performance. If the temperature is too high there will be over-burning phenomenon, and ferric oxide (Fc203) of content. After the surface of a liquid phase, the oxygen diffusion to the center fracturing proppants of the block, this time occurs Fe203 = 2Fe0 + I / 20z reactions. Since the volume of the frac sand companies strength and the effect of the density of the reaction products are reduced. If the calcination temperature is too low due to burning phenomenon occurs due to insufficient sintering, its intensity is reduced. Firing temperature has little effect on the bulk density, but has a greater impact on the frac sand companies High crush proppants crushing rate and the acid solubility. Minimum firing temperature corresponding crushing rate of 1360 ℃, while the corresponding acid solubility best when firing temperature is 1350 ℃. Therefore, in order to obtain the desired combination of properties, the firing temperature must be between 1350-1370 ℃; producing a frac sand companies to the firing temperature should be controlled at about 1360 ℃, the solubility of the acid <5%, to meet the Claim.

Ceramic proppant is the key material mined fracturing

Ceramic proppant oil, a key material of low permeability gas exploration fracturing oil and gas wells, in good macroeconomic policy, ceramic proppant products in the future exploration and development of oil and gas wells in applications will be more widely used , Ceramic proppants in line with national industrial policies. Accelerate local economic development, through the development of energy, increase investment, the development of new application technology, led a complete industrial chain of circular economy and building a harmonious society has become the primary task of the various local governments. Ceramic proppant has played an important role in the application of oil and gas wells, not only to increase oil and gas proppant conductivity production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells. Therefore, from the ceramic proppant developed technology, the practical application point of view, there is a very good market space, in line with the relevant policies of local governments.Ceramic proppant is a ceramic particle product with high fracture strength, mainly for oilfield downhole support, to increase production of oil and gas, an environmentally friendly fracture stimulation. Ceramic proppant is the use of high quality sintered bauxite and other raw materials, is a substitute for natural quartz sand, glass beads, metal balls and other low-strength proppant, to increase production of oil and gas have good results. When oil and gas exploration in deep, high pressure low permeability deposits closed after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum, oil and gas channel formed from the cracks in the collection out.

Proppant most widely used

Proppant fracturing fluid into and supported by fracturing the formation of cracks, thereby effectively import of oil and gas wells, a substantial increase oil and gas production and extend well life. Structural performance Proppant to have a certain size and grade distribution of natural sand or synthetic high-strength ceramic particles. chinese proppant (ceramic proppant) with bauxite as raw material by powder granulation, sintering, high temperature, high pressure, corrosion resistance, high strength, high conductivity, low density, low breakage rate, etc. , the most widely used. In the resin-coated sand or ceramic surface, it is possible to further improve the strength and conductivity properties of the ceramic proppants.especially large-scale enterprise production. Domestic demand for oil continues to increase, dependence on foreign oil continues to increase. In order to meet the increasing domestic demand for oil, the oil industry has developed rapidly. Correspondingly related products is rapidly expanding. China's oil fracturing proppant suppliers industry at this time, the relatively rapid development, market growth rate reached 20%. 2009, China's oil fracturing proppant industry investment amount 470 million yuan, in 2011 increased to 620 million yuan, an average annual growth rate of over 13%.

frac sand companies China Changning - Weiyuan block of shale gas demonstration Changning District

The relationship between the United States and the Middle East

Since the United States in recent years, "shale gas revolution", U.S. unconventional gas development much faster than expected, and faster output growth of the United States of "energy independence" is no longer a fantasy. United States not only no longer need to import liquefied natural gas and liquefied natural gas with its own fast alternative to diesel, as well as a windfall in shale gas development in fracturing proppants‍ a large number of shale oil, but also to the United States on Middle East oil demand straight decline, in 2010 the United States in the Middle East Only 80 million tons of oil dependence.

4 Chinese shale gas

China Changning - Weiyuan block of shale gas demonstration Changning District

China Changning - Weiyuan block of shale gas demonstration Changning District

Our rich shale gas resources. Recoverable shale gas resources of about 26 trillion cubic meters, the resource potential and the United States is similar, the difference is with the United States, China's shale gas exploration more difficult, much deeper than the depth of the U.S. shale gas reservoirs. Some Russian experts believe that China's shale gas development is still in the "young" stage. Americans also believe that technically the development of shale gas is still in its early stages.

However, China's strong demand for natural gas, driving to accelerate the development of shale gas industry. In 2009, China's natural gas consumption amounted to 81 billion cubic meters, of which domestic production of 76 billion cubic hydraulic fracture stimulation‍ meters, accounting for 94%. 2020, China's natural gas gap will exceed 135 billion cubic meters. Thus, there are plans to actively develop unconventional gas resources to meet our demand for natural gas will be an important way and protection.

In order to accelerate the exploitation of shale gas, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Board in September 2009 began to study the development of shale gas exploration and encourage the development and utilization policies. National Energy Board to establish shale gas exploration and development of key technology research projects, increase scientific and technological research, breakthroughs in core technologies to accelerate the pace of shale gas exploration and development. Specific shale gas development plans and policies being developed and research.

April 13, 2011, the first well ultra-deep wells kilometers Strategic Survey "National shale gas resource potential evaluation and favorable region preferably" special construction of oil and gas resources from the Ministry of Land and organize the implementation of the Strategic Research Center - Cen Page 1 Well, in Guizhou Province, Yang Xiang smoothly Cengong spud.

Deputy director of the Ministry of Land and Resources Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas, said Zhang Dawei, a strategic goal of China's shale gas resource exploration and development strategy for the investigation and is in the country by 2020 optimized 50-80 favorable target areas and 20-30 exploration Development, recoverable reserves of shale gas steady growth, reaching one trillion cubic meters of shale resin coated ceramic proppant‍ gas production grew rapidly, reaching 8-12% of conventional natural gas production, making shale gas has become a major clean energy resources.

frac sand companies Shale gas resources in the world for research

developing shale gas revolution: the United States

Shale gas resources in the world for research and exploration and development first began in the United States. Rely on the development of mature production technology and improve network facilities, the U.S. shale gas costs only slightly fracturing proppants‍ more than conventional gas, which makes the United States became the only country in the world to achieve large-scale commercial shale gas exploitation. Data show that in 2010 the U.S. shale gas production has exceeded 100 billion cubic meters. In the past five years, U.S. shale gas production increased more than 20-fold - from 1% in 2006 only for its natural gas production, to growth in 2010 to 20% of U.S. gas production. Experts pointed out, relying on shale gas exploitation in the next 10 years, the United States not only a large-scale imports of natural gas changed the situation, to achieve full self-sufficiency, is also expected to become LNG exporter.

American "shale gas revolution" has shaken the world LNG market structure, and this effect will become more significant, and thus change the world's energy landscape. Thanks to breakthroughs in unconventional gas, especially shale gas development technology, in 2009 the United States with 624 billion cubic meters of production for the first time over Russia became the world's first gas-producing countries. Replacement of ceramic proppants/ceramic ‍ production status of the U.S. long-term dependence on imports of natural gas consumption in the situation reversed. U.S. experts believe the excitement, with shale gas, the United States 100 years no worries.

Development of shale gas, particularly a sharp increase in U.S. shale gas production, the majority of people still make this a very strange energy has become a hot topic. Quietly coming of "shale gas revolution" began to have a significant impact on the global natural gas supply and demand changes and price movements, and cause gas production and consumption country concerned. Exploitation of shale gas, a low-carbon economy Coal seam gas‍ impetus strategic development opportunities, become a catalyst for the world's oil and gas geopolitical situation has undergone structural adjustment.

frac sand companies As society growing demand for clean energy

Shale gas revolution in the concepts

As society growing demand for clean energy, natural gas prices are rising, people are rapidly increasing understanding of shale gas. In particular, the level of horizontal fracturing proppants‍ wells and fracturing technology continues to progress, the human exploration and development of the shale gas boom is being formed.

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area [1]

Shale gas is mined out from shale gas, methane-based ingredients, is an important unconventional gas resources. Formation and enrichment of shale gas has its own unique characteristics, often greater thickness distribution in the basin, widely distributed shale source rock formations. Compared to more conventional natural gas, shale gas reservoirs with self-generated self-storage features, both shale source rocks, reservoirs and is Coal seam gas‍ not subject to structural control, no traps, no clear the air-water interface. Shale gas buried large depth range, depth from 200 m to 3000 m deep at. Most widely shale gas distribution, a large thickness, and generally containing gas, which makes possible to stabilize shale gas production rate of long-term gas, having a long cycle life and long exploitation advantages. [2]

Global shale gas resources are very rich. It is predicted that the world shale gas resources of 456 trillion cubic meters, mainly in North America, Central Asia and China, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, the former Soviet Union and other regions. And conventional natural gas equivalent, resin coated ceramic ‍ shale gas resource potential may be greater than conventional natural gas.

ultralight weight China CBM resources of about 10 trillion cubic meters

Status of CBM development

Survey: China to carry out CBM exploration companies is not much more powerful coal-bed methane company is one of the few, mainly in Shanxi and Henan and other places for mining, such as PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company, in conjunction, Orion, Asia United States mainland, Greka, Shanxi coalbed methane proppant suppliers companies, these companies are mostly foreign.

Data

According to "China's coalbed methane resources exploration and investment prospects Analysis Market Outlook Report Outlook" [5] data show that global shallow depth of about 240 trillion cubic meters in 2000 meters of coalbed methane resources, which is twice more than proven reserves of conventional natural gas the world's major coal-producing countries have attached great importance to the development of coalbed methane. Exploitation started the United States, Britain, Germany, Russia and other countries of CBM earlier, mainly in the former coal mining drainage and drainage ways Gob closed drainage CBM industry is more mature. Early 1980s, the United States began to Coal seam gas experiment with the application of conventional oil and gas wells (ie, surface drilling) and get coalbed methane exploration breakthrough, marking the world's coal-bed methane development has entered a new phase.

Coal bed methane is itself self-generated from unconventional gas reservoir type, there are 74 countries in the world bears the coalbed methane resources in China amounted to 36.8 trillion cubic meters of coalbed methane resources, ranking third in the world. China CBM resources of about 10 trillion cubic meters, total proven reserves of 102.3 billion cubic meters of methane gas, recoverable reserves of about 47 billion cubic meters. 95% of the country's coal-bed methane resources are located in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan and Anhui, and four gas-bearing area, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, which contains the largest area of ​​coalbed methane gas resources for 17.25 trillion cubic meters, accounting for about 50% of the country's total coalbed methane resources.

In 2006, China will coalbed methane development included in the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy development plan, and to develop a specific implementation measures, ushered in the industrial development of coalbed methane good opportunity for development. Since 2007, the government has unveiled a broken franchise, tax incentives, financial subsidies and many other supportive policies to encourage the development and utilization of CBM, the rapid development of China's CBM industry, industrial prototype fade.

In 2007, the national gas extraction 4.735 billion cubic meters, the use of 1.446 billion cubic meters. Where underground coal mine gas drainage capacity 4.4 billion cubic meters, completed 127% planning goals. Formation of CBM production capacity of 100,000 cubic meters, is 2-fold in 2006. CBM production 330 million cubic meters, an increase of more than double in 2006. From 2005 to 2007, a total of approximately 1,700 drilling, ceramic proppant manufacturers drilling accounted for 85% of total accumulated over the years.

As of the end of 2007, the domestic proven reserves of 134 billion cubic meters of methane gas, coal bed methane in the commercial production of less than 400 million cubic meters. According to "the CBM (coal gas) development and utilization of the" Eleventh Five-Year "plan", 2010, new coal-bed methane reserves of 300 billion cubic meters of proven geological; bed methane, coal mine gas drainage capacity 10 billion cubic meters; construction seams gas pipeline 10, the total designed capacity of 6.5 billion cubic meters gas; key construction Basin, Erdos Basin Dongyuan two coalbed methane industry base.

fracturing proppant Purpose & Nature

Coalbed methane can be used as domestic fuel, industrial fuel, fuel for power generation, automotive fuel and important chemical raw material, use very extensive. Each hydraulic fracturing proppant standard is roughly equivalent to 9.5 square coalbed methane electricity, 3 m3 water gas, 1L diesel, liquefied petroleum gas close to 0.8kg ,1.1-1 .2 L gasoline, in addition, virtually no pollutants after coalbed methane combustion, so it is quite cheap for cleaning type of energy. 

Over the space within a certain range, coalbed methane is lighter than air, and its density is 0.55 times that of air, a little leak will spread upward, just keep indoor air circulation, to prevent explosions and fires. The gas, liquefied petroleum gas density is 1.5-2.0 times that of air, will be deposited down after the leak, so the risk is much greater than the coal-bed methane. 

Coalbed methane explosion in the range of 5-15%, range 6.2-74.4% water gas explosion, therefore, difficult to coalbed methane gas explosion relative to water, coal bed methane contain CO, did not happen as the water-gas poisoning during use. 

5 Mining 

CBM exploitation in general there are two fracturing proppants ways: First, surface drilling exploration; latter two are drawn underground gas drainage system, surface drilling and coal bed methane gas drainage can all be utilized by surface mining and drainage can greatly VAM reduce the number of coal mines to reduce the ventilation requirements, improve the safety conditions of miners. Ground drilling mining method, foreign countries have used some of our poor coal seam permeability, surface mining will be difficult, but if the positive development can be taken out at least five billion cubic meters per year; outside in the past in addition to the heating did not find a reasonable means of using, not to take advantage of, so the vast majority are still discharged into the atmosphere gas drainage, took a fee, a china proppant waste of resources, pollute the environment.

Proppant relations embedded in the ground and pressure

When pressure is lower than 50 MPa, the proppant is not embedded or embedded is not obvious phenomenon occurs not because of the ability to embed diversion affected . When the closure pressure greater than 50 MPa, using the core pressure drop rapidly , indicating that when the closure pressure higher than 50 MPa, conductivity started by chinese proppant embedment effects . Closed pressure 60MPa, using steel diversion capacity of 140μm2 • cm, using the core conductivity 85μm2 • cm, just because you can embed a reduced ability to cause diversion 39.3% .
With the closing pressure is further increased, up to 80 MPa , the difference between the two begins to decrease , which is due to the steel sheet further proppant crushing ,maide proppant manufacturers  conductivity crushing injuries caused by embedding the damage gradually close . But the ability to embed diversion always occur no less than the ability to embed diversion occurred .
Proppant embedment in the formation of the conductivity of the injury is very serious, under 10 kg / m2 sanding concentration due to the decreased ability to embed diversion may lead to 65.9% , down 5 kg / m2 sanding concentration conductivity can be reduced 87.5% , the greater the sanding concentration , the smaller the degree of damage to the diversion embedding capabilities .
Only when the pressure reaches a certain value closes , the damage was manifested embedded . So embedded harmful effects manifested closure pressure and the size of the crack spread sand concentration. Under the same conditions of formation , proppant embedment in the most serious conglomerate , mudstone Secondly , siltstone minimum .

Ceramic proppant strengths and weaknesses

We have long been considered a non- gelled water is one of the most cleanest, most economical fract . If the filtration problems in the formation fracturing fluid compatibility issues and minimal case , the non- thickened water as a base fracturing fluid will be of great significance . These stimulation usually refers to hydraulic fracturing , reducing water resistance or branches  Maide ceramic proppant  fracturing ( occasionally ) , they usually require a large number of high-speed pumped water containing a small amount of reducing agent and proppant . In the application, compared with the traditional thickening fluid , this method can reduce the capital investment on the one hand , on the other hand so that  Maide resin coated ceramic proppant is more economically viable than other uses thickening fluid fracturing methods. Like other technical measures to increase production and hydraulic fracturing has its advantages , but also has its drawbacks . This particular method is the key to its screening principles will be applied to fit the unique advantages of this region or strata .
1 hydraulic fracturing potential advantages include:
2 simple operation, the use of a single chemical agents ;
3 can produce a considerable length of hydraulic ;
4 initial production can be compared with the normal stimulation intended ;
5 . Costs lower than normal stimulation .
As expected, the Maide Ceramics  also has shortcomings, such as :
1 confined to the low amount of sand strata ;
2 rapid sand filtration rate ;
(3) the effective fracture length is shorter ;
4 Compared with ordinary fracturing operations of similar size , the larger the decrease in final yield ;
5 The following fracturing aquifer has certain risks.
In essence , the hydraulic fracturing of various unfavorable factors show poor ability to carry proppant fracturing fluid . If the proppant can be effectively carried in place of water , the potential adverse consequences will be significantly reduced or even disappear completely .

What role in the exploitation of oil ceramic sand when is

Ceramic sand is very important oil fracturing agent, play a very important role in the oil extraction process. When oil and gas exploration in deep , high pressure low permeability deposit closure after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum , oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed by the pooled out.
maide ceramic proppants sand used in fracturing in deep , it will be filled ceramic sand deposits in low permeability fractured rock in high closed fracturing treatment to split hydrocarbon formations , play a supporting fissure is closed not because of stress release , thereby maintaining high conductivity of oil and gas , ceramic sand will not only be able to increase oil and gas production , and more to extend the service life of oil and gas wells .
In general, the pressure along with ceramic sand was filled into the formation fracture in the formation , the crack does not play a supporting ceramic sand released and closed due to stress , thereby maintaining a high conductivity , so that gas flow, increase production.
Of course, the ceramic sand can also be played in many ways a very important role , the role of oil exploitation in the area is very large , but also we can not be ignored .

Ceramic proppant " sneak " the U.S. market

In recent years, the success of the U.S. shale oil and gas development , not only triggered a boom in exploration and development of shale gas resources worldwide , and many small manufacturing companies in China to create a great business opportunity.
Over the past three years , China 's maide ceramic proppant manufactured good support for its ability to gradually replace conventional proppant sand, into the U.S. market . So far, the Chinese -made ceramic proppant ceramic proppant has occupied the entire North American market share of 13% , the average annual business volume of $ 3 billion .
Shale oil and gas development is inseparable from the application of hydraulic fracturing , and hydraulic fracturing technology is the most important material is proppant . The purpose of the proppant in the oil pressure to open the high-pressure water layer prop open the crack pressure , so that the gas flows out .
In the past, U.S. companies used to make sand proppant . However, due to the sand into the deep well pump after easily crushed under high pressure formations , so more and more companies do tend to use resin coated ceramic proppant . But for those companies ( sand only 40 cents / lb ) are not willing to pay $ 4 / pound ceramic is concerned, more economical option is to use the child 's performance is better than conventional silica sand resin coating sand . As the number of drilling in North Dakota 's growing demand for sand is also increasing day by day , even from the state of Wisconsin and Minnesota looking for sand sources.
Since 2009 , North American demand for proppant almost tripled , as more and more companies are using multi- stage hydraulic fracturing , proppant demand grew by 10% to 15 %. Ceramic proppant with drilling companies need quality : size uniformity , chemical stability , high temperature high pressure , combined with good compatibility with sand , flowback easy to like. The main thing is not to deform under high pressure deep well , extend the productive life of oil and gas wells .
On the North Dakota prairie , the development of the Bakken Shale oil is very hot, the night from a satellite photo taken on the United States as evidenced by the recent North Dakota Bakken core group had deserted zone , night lights, no less bustling city . The state in October 2011 reached 48.8 million barrels of oil per day , sometimes a well requires 1,500 tons of sand and other proppants , of which ceramic proppant proportion reached 30%. Well here is often a depth of 10,000 to 12,000 feet , it is proppant best useless.
Over the past two years, the price increase is a large ceramic proppant , the U.S. domestic manufacturers have begun struggling to regain market . But with the rise of the Chinese domestic shale gas exploration and development , China 's ceramic proppant seem to have to worry about sales. In addition, the U.S. shale oil and gas development in the ascendant , from Ohio to Texas , shale oil and gas well drilling are heating up , the demand for ceramic proppant great , price increases have a certain tolerance.
Ceramic proppant production inputs is small, but highly profitable , Chinese proppant manufacturer's advantage lies in cheap local bauxite , bauxite is an important raw material for the production of ceramic .
Chinese proppant manufacturers sell their products directly to the Chinese oil service companies, such as Halliburton , Baker Hughes , Schlumberger , or through import and export companies , packaging will be shipped to the U.S. West Coast port their number , such as Long Beach , California or Seattle , Washington , and then transported by train in North Dakota and other places. According to North Dakota 's largest rail operator BSNF forecasts, ceramic proppant volume could double in 2012 .
A few months ago , North Dakota imported from China ceramic proppant ceramic production over the United States 20% cheaper . This difference has recently begun to shrink , with some of the middlemen involved in the future will further narrow the gap .
Since China began to develop its own shale oil and gas resources , the price advantage will be further weakened proppant . Recently, the China Petroleum and Shell to develop shale gas in Sichuan project progress , which means that China began commercial development of shale gas . Furthermore, the increase in production costs in emerging economies will also push up the price of proppant . Over the past two years , the price of Chinese ceramic proppant higher level rose by 60 % to $ 800 / ton. China will also exacerbate the current inflation proppant prices.
Nevertheless, the huge demand for North American ceramic proppant will provide enough space for all maneuvers . Chinese proppant company listed on the New York Stock Exchange , as long as oil and gas to maintain a certain price, they produce ceramic proppant on marketable .
Undoubtedly, prosperity proppant industry is another signal of U.S. shale gas development to the global spread of heat .

Replace concrete gravel and pebbles ceramic sand

To replace the concrete rubble and gravel, is the use of a variety of materials of various types of clay, slate, shale, coal gangue, and industrial solid waste, through ceramics sintered ceramic sand.
Ceramic sand has a low density, excellent thermal insulation, impermeability, excellent alkali aggregate reactivity, low water absorption, frost resistance and good durability, and many other advantages.  maide ceramic proppant , by definition, ceramic particles , fine sand called, also known as oil fracturing proppant.
Ceramic sand Exterior features: Most were round or oval ball, but there are not some imitation gravel round or oval maide resin coated silica sand spheres, and irregular-shaped ceramic gravel color due to the appearance of the raw materials used. and different processes and different. firing ceramic colors are mostly dark red, red ocher, there are some special varieties of pale yellow, gray ceramic sand proppant black, white, gray and so on. ceramic proppant sand oil finished .

Oil fracturing proppant ceramic ceramic needs what

Fracturing technology is now widely used in oil exploration , the core technology is the formation fracturing diversion cracks and layer conductivity is much less than the diversion cracks. Now particulate 

ceramic proppant is often added to the fracturing fluid , the aim is to make the fracture after the fracturing is still in an open state , resulting in a continuous oil product which is to obtain a high permeability fracture one of the important measures . In the application of deep well fracturing proppant performance requirements are very high , deep and strong chemical corrosive effect of salt solution and high thermal closure pressure , so you need to have a certain amount of proppant corrosion resistance and compressive strength . Proppant performance requirements of the main

( A ) a low density , to effectively improve the production efficiency ;
( 2 ) In a large injection pressure and friction when still produce artificial cracks. This requires support good resiliency and abrasion resistance , so that will not crack closure pressure is high and closed ;
( 3 ) to try to smooth and uniform particles , because smoothness and uniformity of the particles will affect conductivity .
( 4) The sphericity and roundness of particles that are greater than 0.9 , and a particle size in the range of between 0.4mm-0.8mm , the reason why this range is taken as the particle size to be well designed to meet the different requirements ;
5 ) To inexpensive to improve cost proppant ;
( 6 ) good acid resistance , acid solubility to less than 7% , as a proppant in the pressure and temperature of the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid and chemical reaction, if the lower the acid resistance , chemical stability of the proppant the worse , and they react more easily .

Performance oil fracturing proppant

Ceramic proppant is a ceramic particle product with high fracture strength , mainly for oil underground support to increase production of oil and gas , are environmentally friendly products. This product is the use of high-quality bauxite , coal and other raw materials, ceramic sintering , is a substitute for natural quartz sand , glass beads , metal balls and other low- strength  maide resin coated ceramic proppant,to increase production of oil and gas has a positive effect . When oil and gas exploration in deep , high pressure low permeability deposit closure after fracturing treatment, the rock cracked petroleum , oil and gas from the cracks in the channel formed by the pooled out. Along with a high-pressure high-alumina support material was filled into the formation in rock fissures , cracks do not play a supporting but closed due to stress release , thereby maintaining high conductivity , so that the oil and gas flow, increase production. Practice has proved that the use of high-alumina maide ceramic proppants fracturing wells can increase production by 30-50% , but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells , oil and natural gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration : the key materials of construction. Products used in deep fracturing when it is filled to the low permeability fractured rock deposits in high closed fracturing treatment to split hydrocarbon formations , play a supporting fissure is closed not because of stress release , thereby maintaining oil and gas high flow capacity , not only to increase oil and gas production , and more to extend the service life of oil and gas wells .

Fracturing sand tank truck drivers beware stuffed in a car accident driving interference

Driving interference potential hazards : No turning the turn ; parking the car in front suddenly turn left and you did not have time to react , pulled out of the driveway ...... attention due to the maide hydraulic fracture stimulation of normal car driver Shaguan disturbance arising from lack of concentration , is becoming important reason for the accident .
The so-called driving interference is caused by anything fracturing Shaguan car driver's eyes, hands or attention away from the driving task , such as watching outside the square , tune radio channels , pay attention to the car 's children , phone calls, talking with passengers , eating things , look at the map , etc. All these activities will result in  maide fracturing sand tank truck driver distracted and dangerous accident .
Fracturing sand tank car manufacturers Security reminder: To achieve safe driving , be sure to observe the three security elements .
One eye focused way. Think well before departure or planned route ; If you have a cell phone , try to use voice or abbreviated dialing ; do not take notes while driving , do not look up phone numbers .
Second, keep your hands off the steering wheel . Before departure familiar fracturing Shaguan car equipment functions ; pre- tuned radio and air conditioning ; may be fixed traffic moving objects ; while driving if items dropped on the floor , do not pick up, such as when a parked car and then picking it not later ; teach children to develop good riding habits, pick up the child , smoothly pulled out of traffic to pull over ; avoid smoking , eating , drinking while driving ; do not answer the phone while driving , using a mobile phone message function , and so drove safety zone and park before playing back.
Third, concentrate on driving . If you find that lack of energy , a little rest and then hit the road when driving ; let passengers in the car to help " find a way ." Do yourself while driving view maps and navigation systems ; Do not use the phone while driving with passengers or unpleasant conversation , when using the phone's handsfree function , it tends to distract yourself .

Ceramic proppant Product Description

Maide Resin coated ceramic proppant for oil , natural gas penetration into the exploitation of oil and gas fracturing of key materials . Products used in fracturing in deep gap , high closed fracturing treatment to split hydrocarbon formations , play a supporting fissure is closed not because of stress release , thereby maintaining high conductivity of oil and gas , not only to increase oil and gas production , and more can extend the service life of oil and gas wells . Production of major products 52Mpa, 69Mpa, 86Mpa low, medium and high strength Maide ceramic proppants , is a high-tech product . Use of unique quality coagulation bauxite raw materials, through the unique crushing, screening, and then stir into the prepared particles of rare earth sintered at high temperature , high temperature, high pressure, high conductivity , and corrosion resistance and other characteristics, is mined oil, natural gas fracturing indispensable good helper .
    Fracture stimulation of oil and natural gas wells in low permeability oil and gas extraction yield important new technologies. Proppant (proppant) is the fracturing of key materials . Proppant and supported by the fracturing fluid into the formation of cracks in the fracture , thereby effectively imported oil and gas wells, a substantial increase oil and gas production and extend well life .
Proppant to have a certain size and gradation of the natural sand or synthetic high-strength ceramic particles. Ceramic proppant (ceramic proppant) to bauxite as raw material by powder granulation, sintering , high temperature , high pressure , corrosion resistance, high strength, high conductivity , low density, low breakage rate , etc. , the most widely used . In the resin-coated sand or ceramic surface , it is possible to further improve the strength and conductivity properties of the proppant .

Material composition of ceramic proppant

Currently used mainly quartz sand maide proppants for hydraulic fracturing , bauxite sand and resin-coated ceramic composite particles. Due to the low cost of quartz sand , while lower density easy to pump , has been widely used , but quartz sand strong low end , the ball is poor, reducing the fracture conductivity , does not apply to high pressure deep well closed . Composite resin coated quartz sand particles , sphericity improved corrosion resistance strong, conductivity is also good , but the products remain short- term , the cost is too high, the cost of the promotion of the supremacy of today is not easy , and the use of bauxite ceramic craft maide ceramic proppants , high density, good sphericity , corrosion resistance , high temperature, high pressure, while costs can be better controlled , and therefore more widely used in oil and gas fields being . Practice has proved that the use of ceramic proppant fracturing oil wells can increase production by 30-50% , but also to extend the service life of oil and gas wells , is the key material oil, gas wells in low permeability oil and gas exploration, construction , not only to increase oil and gas production , and more to extend the service life of oil and gas wells .
The main raw materials of ceramic proppant is bauxite, while China is a country rich bauxite , bauxite distribution is highly concentrated, Shanxi, Guizhou, Henan and Guangxi in four provinces (regions ) of the total national reserves reserves Total of 90.9% ( 41.6% of Shanxi , Guizhou, 17.1% , 16.7%, Henan , Guangxi, 15.5% ) , and the remaining 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have bauxite reserves total only 9.1 % of the country 's total reserves . Chinese ceramic proppant manufactured good support for its ability to gradually replace conventional proppant sand, into the U.S. market . So far, the Chinese -made ceramic proppant ceramic proppant has occupied the entire North American market share of 13% , the average annual business volume of $ 3 billion

.

Oil drilling equipment

According to the China Market Research Research finishing oil drilling equipment manufacturer refers to the land and sea oil and gas drilling equipment , including oilmaide well drilling equipment onshore oil rigs, offshore oil drilling and production equipment Pumping equipment , series mixers, other production equipment workover cementing equipment Series device fracturing equipment you speak short selling series , mud shaker ,

Hydraulic fracturing multiple fractures basic theory

hydraulic fracturing benifits is a widely used technology transformation permeability reservoir . Since the eighties of last century , with the development of the oil industry , the need to increase the complexity of the transformation of the reservoir , it is recognized that a single plane of crack theory can not satisfactorily explain some of the construction parameters of the construction of the theory ; variety of detection methods prove underground cracks on the transverse or longitudinal extension of multiple simultaneously , which is caused by the reasons for the early sand plug and add sand construction failures ; currently on theoretical models and more cracks less . Therefore, an urgent need to study the formation mechanism of multiple fractures , multiple fracturing fluid , etc. while extending the model to study and understand the pros and cons exist multiple fractures , multiple fractures extending construction abnormal pressure , cracks and more cracks in the case of extended form, early sand blocking mechanism etc. , and thus provide for the elimination of multiple fractures theoretical support to guide people to the smooth transformation of low permeability , complex reservoirs . On the other hand , it will enhance people's understanding of the mechanism of fracturing , and promote the development of basic theory. Theory is the theory of multiple natural gas fracturing forefront of hydraulic fracturing theory, research more difficult , facing a lot of problems . In this paper, following the completion of exploration and research work , the formation of a research question multiple fractures ideas and model : 1, according to elastic mechanics , rock mechanics , fracture mechanics, spatial geometry of the basic principles established in the casing perforation inclined perforations two holes around the intersection of computing model shear stress due to the stress of the "secondary focus " and produced ; establish the existence of a small micro-ring under the surface , the casing perforation inclined cracking under the pressure of a large micro- computing torus case model . According to analogical reasoning , the establishment of the internal perforations fracture pressure model ; establish a model for the formation of cracks in the ruptured perforation perforations adjacent fracture pressure effects ; establish a general deviated from different directions at the crack crack perforating the total steering angle calculation model . 2 , the use of elastic mechanics , engineering mechanics , fracture mechanics, the basic theory of finite element theory, the theoretical model used to calculate the stress intensity factor of three , ie, the ends of the stress model , DDM model , dislocation density model ; established steering angle calculating several models . The above model can be used to study the near-wellbore fractures connection. 3 , on the basis of the ordinary two-dimensional fracture model, considering the near-wellbore steering and crack closure stress changes along the way , a new two-dimensional model of a single crack extending steering , the main features of the model solution is based on the length of each unit is prospective extension of time corresponding to the search . 4 , in considering the wellbore fluid compression deformation , based on the combination of crack extension , a new model of multiple three-dimensional cracks in the wellbore pressure increased successively opened , including wellbore pressure - model , three-dimensional model of a single crack extending steering , hold wellbore pressure model , taking into account the crack connection model and fracture pressure model, which is used to determine the initial fracturing bottomhole pressure increases, multiple fractures have been turned on, simulate changes in the hydraulic fracturing process, the number of initial crack . 5 , combined with the pressure in the wellbore coordination model , connecting multiple fractures of the model , a single large cracks extending steering simulation model to explain the mechanism of multiple cracks . 6 , in considering the crack closure stress and more interference filtration law changes , cracks steering, flow diversion , based on the establishment of a new model of the three-dimensional model and a plurality of longitudinal cracks in the calculation of two-dimensional multiple fractures , while simultaneously extending extending analog interfere with the multi- fracture closure stress , the pressure on the construction , crack width, the length of the impact of changes filtration laws. 7 , since the establishment of the analysis of different orientations to multi crack crack crack from the steering position with multiple fractures , starting with orientation

Fracturing sand control technology research and application

In recent years , with the integrated use of oil and gas exploration technology development and a variety of technology,Makes fracturing technology has been widely used in various types of reservoirs , low permeability reservoir is made ​​for a new sewing For high- permeability reservoirs is released near wellbore pollution, congestion. Accompanying the same After the oil is pressed out of the sand problem has been performing very prominent, seriously restricts the capacity of the well being Often play . Based on the Maide hydraulic fracking and sedimentary strata properties, formation sand force analysis,Determine the cause of formation sand . Continuous mechanical pump sand then lengthened as sand , laser

Slotted tube sand , and gravel pack sand test methods and chemical sand fracturing process approach Contrast. Due to mechanical sand valid way short lapse fast , clear and timely inspection must be replaced with

On the terms of a passive sand . To achieve a real sense of sand , you need to start from the ground ,To fully understand the formation of the relevant data , not only to adopt effective mechanical horizontal drilling craft,

While also using reasonable chemical sand process . This paper studies the mechanical sand to gravel Stone filling technology -based, chemical erosion control sand resin sand fracturing technology -based, mesh

The former has become a well pressed after resolving the problem of sand main technical means. And through the fracturing Shi Parameters of scientific optimization and how to control proppant flowback pressure after reflow to improve well productivity Can achieve capacity maximization. Construction parameters to optimize the effect of fracturing sand after pressure has focused on To influence , fracturing parameters optimized software now used by many, such as Gohfer, Fracpro, Mfrac, Stimplan fracturing design and simulation software , interior design and effective guidance now Field construction , making the fracturing design from the concept stage to real science . Resin sand fracturing erosion control work Arts and technology to adapt to the current situation Fuyu , essentially solved Fuyu out after fracturing sand The actual situation , not only in the whole of Jilin Oilfield Fuyu that have a wide range of applications at Value.