frac sand companies China Changning - Weiyuan block of shale gas demonstration Changning District

The relationship between the United States and the Middle East

Since the United States in recent years, "shale gas revolution", U.S. unconventional gas development much faster than expected, and faster output growth of the United States of "energy independence" is no longer a fantasy. United States not only no longer need to import liquefied natural gas and liquefied natural gas with its own fast alternative to diesel, as well as a windfall in shale gas development in fracturing proppants‍ a large number of shale oil, but also to the United States on Middle East oil demand straight decline, in 2010 the United States in the Middle East Only 80 million tons of oil dependence.

4 Chinese shale gas

China Changning - Weiyuan block of shale gas demonstration Changning District

China Changning - Weiyuan block of shale gas demonstration Changning District

Our rich shale gas resources. Recoverable shale gas resources of about 26 trillion cubic meters, the resource potential and the United States is similar, the difference is with the United States, China's shale gas exploration more difficult, much deeper than the depth of the U.S. shale gas reservoirs. Some Russian experts believe that China's shale gas development is still in the "young" stage. Americans also believe that technically the development of shale gas is still in its early stages.

However, China's strong demand for natural gas, driving to accelerate the development of shale gas industry. In 2009, China's natural gas consumption amounted to 81 billion cubic meters, of which domestic production of 76 billion cubic hydraulic fracture stimulation‍ meters, accounting for 94%. 2020, China's natural gas gap will exceed 135 billion cubic meters. Thus, there are plans to actively develop unconventional gas resources to meet our demand for natural gas will be an important way and protection.

In order to accelerate the exploitation of shale gas, the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Board in September 2009 began to study the development of shale gas exploration and encourage the development and utilization policies. National Energy Board to establish shale gas exploration and development of key technology research projects, increase scientific and technological research, breakthroughs in core technologies to accelerate the pace of shale gas exploration and development. Specific shale gas development plans and policies being developed and research.

April 13, 2011, the first well ultra-deep wells kilometers Strategic Survey "National shale gas resource potential evaluation and favorable region preferably" special construction of oil and gas resources from the Ministry of Land and organize the implementation of the Strategic Research Center - Cen Page 1 Well, in Guizhou Province, Yang Xiang smoothly Cengong spud.

Deputy director of the Ministry of Land and Resources Strategic Research Center of Oil and Gas, said Zhang Dawei, a strategic goal of China's shale gas resource exploration and development strategy for the investigation and is in the country by 2020 optimized 50-80 favorable target areas and 20-30 exploration Development, recoverable reserves of shale gas steady growth, reaching one trillion cubic meters of shale resin coated ceramic proppant‍ gas production grew rapidly, reaching 8-12% of conventional natural gas production, making shale gas has become a major clean energy resources.

frac sand companies Shale gas resources in the world for research

developing shale gas revolution: the United States

Shale gas resources in the world for research and exploration and development first began in the United States. Rely on the development of mature production technology and improve network facilities, the U.S. shale gas costs only slightly fracturing proppants‍ more than conventional gas, which makes the United States became the only country in the world to achieve large-scale commercial shale gas exploitation. Data show that in 2010 the U.S. shale gas production has exceeded 100 billion cubic meters. In the past five years, U.S. shale gas production increased more than 20-fold - from 1% in 2006 only for its natural gas production, to growth in 2010 to 20% of U.S. gas production. Experts pointed out, relying on shale gas exploitation in the next 10 years, the United States not only a large-scale imports of natural gas changed the situation, to achieve full self-sufficiency, is also expected to become LNG exporter.

American "shale gas revolution" has shaken the world LNG market structure, and this effect will become more significant, and thus change the world's energy landscape. Thanks to breakthroughs in unconventional gas, especially shale gas development technology, in 2009 the United States with 624 billion cubic meters of production for the first time over Russia became the world's first gas-producing countries. Replacement of ceramic proppants/ceramic ‍ production status of the U.S. long-term dependence on imports of natural gas consumption in the situation reversed. U.S. experts believe the excitement, with shale gas, the United States 100 years no worries.

Development of shale gas, particularly a sharp increase in U.S. shale gas production, the majority of people still make this a very strange energy has become a hot topic. Quietly coming of "shale gas revolution" began to have a significant impact on the global natural gas supply and demand changes and price movements, and cause gas production and consumption country concerned. Exploitation of shale gas, a low-carbon economy Coal seam gas‍ impetus strategic development opportunities, become a catalyst for the world's oil and gas geopolitical situation has undergone structural adjustment.

frac sand companies As society growing demand for clean energy

Shale gas revolution in the concepts

As society growing demand for clean energy, natural gas prices are rising, people are rapidly increasing understanding of shale gas. In particular, the level of horizontal fracturing proppants‍ wells and fracturing technology continues to progress, the human exploration and development of the shale gas boom is being formed.

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area

China shale gas shale enrichment and demonstration area [1]

Shale gas is mined out from shale gas, methane-based ingredients, is an important unconventional gas resources. Formation and enrichment of shale gas has its own unique characteristics, often greater thickness distribution in the basin, widely distributed shale source rock formations. Compared to more conventional natural gas, shale gas reservoirs with self-generated self-storage features, both shale source rocks, reservoirs and is Coal seam gas‍ not subject to structural control, no traps, no clear the air-water interface. Shale gas buried large depth range, depth from 200 m to 3000 m deep at. Most widely shale gas distribution, a large thickness, and generally containing gas, which makes possible to stabilize shale gas production rate of long-term gas, having a long cycle life and long exploitation advantages. [2]

Global shale gas resources are very rich. It is predicted that the world shale gas resources of 456 trillion cubic meters, mainly in North America, Central Asia and China, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, the former Soviet Union and other regions. And conventional natural gas equivalent, resin coated ceramic ‍ shale gas resource potential may be greater than conventional natural gas.

ultralight weight China CBM resources of about 10 trillion cubic meters

Status of CBM development

Survey: China to carry out CBM exploration companies is not much more powerful coal-bed methane company is one of the few, mainly in Shanxi and Henan and other places for mining, such as PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company, in conjunction, Orion, Asia United States mainland, Greka, Shanxi coalbed methane proppant suppliers companies, these companies are mostly foreign.

Data

According to "China's coalbed methane resources exploration and investment prospects Analysis Market Outlook Report Outlook" [5] data show that global shallow depth of about 240 trillion cubic meters in 2000 meters of coalbed methane resources, which is twice more than proven reserves of conventional natural gas the world's major coal-producing countries have attached great importance to the development of coalbed methane. Exploitation started the United States, Britain, Germany, Russia and other countries of CBM earlier, mainly in the former coal mining drainage and drainage ways Gob closed drainage CBM industry is more mature. Early 1980s, the United States began to Coal seam gas experiment with the application of conventional oil and gas wells (ie, surface drilling) and get coalbed methane exploration breakthrough, marking the world's coal-bed methane development has entered a new phase.

Coal bed methane is itself self-generated from unconventional gas reservoir type, there are 74 countries in the world bears the coalbed methane resources in China amounted to 36.8 trillion cubic meters of coalbed methane resources, ranking third in the world. China CBM resources of about 10 trillion cubic meters, total proven reserves of 102.3 billion cubic meters of methane gas, recoverable reserves of about 47 billion cubic meters. 95% of the country's coal-bed methane resources are located in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan and Anhui, and four gas-bearing area, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, which contains the largest area of ​​coalbed methane gas resources for 17.25 trillion cubic meters, accounting for about 50% of the country's total coalbed methane resources.

In 2006, China will coalbed methane development included in the "Eleventh Five-Year" energy development plan, and to develop a specific implementation measures, ushered in the industrial development of coalbed methane good opportunity for development. Since 2007, the government has unveiled a broken franchise, tax incentives, financial subsidies and many other supportive policies to encourage the development and utilization of CBM, the rapid development of China's CBM industry, industrial prototype fade.

In 2007, the national gas extraction 4.735 billion cubic meters, the use of 1.446 billion cubic meters. Where underground coal mine gas drainage capacity 4.4 billion cubic meters, completed 127% planning goals. Formation of CBM production capacity of 100,000 cubic meters, is 2-fold in 2006. CBM production 330 million cubic meters, an increase of more than double in 2006. From 2005 to 2007, a total of approximately 1,700 drilling, ceramic proppant manufacturers drilling accounted for 85% of total accumulated over the years.

As of the end of 2007, the domestic proven reserves of 134 billion cubic meters of methane gas, coal bed methane in the commercial production of less than 400 million cubic meters. According to "the CBM (coal gas) development and utilization of the" Eleventh Five-Year "plan", 2010, new coal-bed methane reserves of 300 billion cubic meters of proven geological; bed methane, coal mine gas drainage capacity 10 billion cubic meters; construction seams gas pipeline 10, the total designed capacity of 6.5 billion cubic meters gas; key construction Basin, Erdos Basin Dongyuan two coalbed methane industry base.

fracturing proppant Purpose & Nature

Coalbed methane can be used as domestic fuel, industrial fuel, fuel for power generation, automotive fuel and important chemical raw material, use very extensive. Each hydraulic fracturing proppant standard is roughly equivalent to 9.5 square coalbed methane electricity, 3 m3 water gas, 1L diesel, liquefied petroleum gas close to 0.8kg ,1.1-1 .2 L gasoline, in addition, virtually no pollutants after coalbed methane combustion, so it is quite cheap for cleaning type of energy. 

Over the space within a certain range, coalbed methane is lighter than air, and its density is 0.55 times that of air, a little leak will spread upward, just keep indoor air circulation, to prevent explosions and fires. The gas, liquefied petroleum gas density is 1.5-2.0 times that of air, will be deposited down after the leak, so the risk is much greater than the coal-bed methane. 

Coalbed methane explosion in the range of 5-15%, range 6.2-74.4% water gas explosion, therefore, difficult to coalbed methane gas explosion relative to water, coal bed methane contain CO, did not happen as the water-gas poisoning during use. 

5 Mining 

CBM exploitation in general there are two fracturing proppants ways: First, surface drilling exploration; latter two are drawn underground gas drainage system, surface drilling and coal bed methane gas drainage can all be utilized by surface mining and drainage can greatly VAM reduce the number of coal mines to reduce the ventilation requirements, improve the safety conditions of miners. Ground drilling mining method, foreign countries have used some of our poor coal seam permeability, surface mining will be difficult, but if the positive development can be taken out at least five billion cubic meters per year; outside in the past in addition to the heating did not find a reasonable means of using, not to take advantage of, so the vast majority are still discharged into the atmosphere gas drainage, took a fee, a china proppant waste of resources, pollute the environment.

Proppant relations embedded in the ground and pressure

When pressure is lower than 50 MPa, the proppant is not embedded or embedded is not obvious phenomenon occurs not because of the ability to embed diversion affected . When the closure pressure greater than 50 MPa, using the core pressure drop rapidly , indicating that when the closure pressure higher than 50 MPa, conductivity started by chinese proppant embedment effects . Closed pressure 60MPa, using steel diversion capacity of 140μm2 • cm, using the core conductivity 85μm2 • cm, just because you can embed a reduced ability to cause diversion 39.3% .
With the closing pressure is further increased, up to 80 MPa , the difference between the two begins to decrease , which is due to the steel sheet further proppant crushing ,maide proppant manufacturers  conductivity crushing injuries caused by embedding the damage gradually close . But the ability to embed diversion always occur no less than the ability to embed diversion occurred .
Proppant embedment in the formation of the conductivity of the injury is very serious, under 10 kg / m2 sanding concentration due to the decreased ability to embed diversion may lead to 65.9% , down 5 kg / m2 sanding concentration conductivity can be reduced 87.5% , the greater the sanding concentration , the smaller the degree of damage to the diversion embedding capabilities .
Only when the pressure reaches a certain value closes , the damage was manifested embedded . So embedded harmful effects manifested closure pressure and the size of the crack spread sand concentration. Under the same conditions of formation , proppant embedment in the most serious conglomerate , mudstone Secondly , siltstone minimum .

Ceramic proppant strengths and weaknesses

We have long been considered a non- gelled water is one of the most cleanest, most economical fract . If the filtration problems in the formation fracturing fluid compatibility issues and minimal case , the non- thickened water as a base fracturing fluid will be of great significance . These stimulation usually refers to hydraulic fracturing , reducing water resistance or branches  Maide ceramic proppant  fracturing ( occasionally ) , they usually require a large number of high-speed pumped water containing a small amount of reducing agent and proppant . In the application, compared with the traditional thickening fluid , this method can reduce the capital investment on the one hand , on the other hand so that  Maide resin coated ceramic proppant is more economically viable than other uses thickening fluid fracturing methods. Like other technical measures to increase production and hydraulic fracturing has its advantages , but also has its drawbacks . This particular method is the key to its screening principles will be applied to fit the unique advantages of this region or strata .
1 hydraulic fracturing potential advantages include:
2 simple operation, the use of a single chemical agents ;
3 can produce a considerable length of hydraulic ;
4 initial production can be compared with the normal stimulation intended ;
5 . Costs lower than normal stimulation .
As expected, the Maide Ceramics  also has shortcomings, such as :
1 confined to the low amount of sand strata ;
2 rapid sand filtration rate ;
(3) the effective fracture length is shorter ;
4 Compared with ordinary fracturing operations of similar size , the larger the decrease in final yield ;
5 The following fracturing aquifer has certain risks.
In essence , the hydraulic fracturing of various unfavorable factors show poor ability to carry proppant fracturing fluid . If the proppant can be effectively carried in place of water , the potential adverse consequences will be significantly reduced or even disappear completely .