advantage of this low density proppant

One advantage of this low density proppant is that fewer pounds of this proppant are required, as compared to high density ceramic, to fill a given void in the formation. Since proppants are generally sold by the pound, the user buys fewer pounds of proppant for a particular application. Another advantage of this low density proppant is the ability to use a lower viscosity fracturing fluid during pumping operations, resulting in more economical pumping at lower pumping rates than those required with the use of heavier or denser proppants. Still another advantage is the relatively low silica content.
These advantages can be achieved by forming solid spherical pellets or particles from kaolin clay having an alumina content of between 40 and 60%. Normally, this material would have an apparent specific gravity of about 3.0 g/cc, as disclosed in Lunghofer. However, the density can be significantly reduced by carefully controlling the time and temperature of the firing process. In order to achieve an apparent specific gravity of from about 1.60 to about 2.10 g/cc and a bulk density of from about 0.95 to about 1.30 g/cc, the pellets are fired at a temperature of from about 1200 to about 1350° C.

Resin coated proppants can be further classified into precured

Resin coated proppant can be further classified into precured and curable resin coated proppants. Precured resin coated proppants comprise a substrate coated with a resin which has been significantly crosslinked. The resin coating of the precured proppants provides crush resistance to the substrate. Since the resin coating is already cured before it is introduced into the well, even under high pressure and temperature conditions, the proppant does not agglomerate. Such precured resin coated proppants are typically held in the well by the stress surrounding them. In some hydraulic fracturing circumstances, the precured proppants in the well would flow back from the fracture, especially during clean up or production in oil and gas wells. Some of the proppant can be transported out of the fractured zones and into the well bore by fracturing fluid produced from the well. This transportation is known as flow back.

proppant are extremely useful to keep open fractures imposed

In general, proppant are extremely useful to keep open fractures imposed by hydraulic fracking of a subterranean formation, e.g., an oil or gas bearing strata. Typically, the fracturing is desired in the subterranean formation to, increase oil or gas production. As noted above, fracturing is caused by injecting a viscous fracturing fluid, foam, or other suitable fluid at high pressure into the well to form fractures. As the fracture is formed, a particulate material, referred to as a “propping agent” or “proppant” is placed in the formation to maintain the fracture in a propped condition when the injection pressure is released. As the fracture forms, the hsp proppant are carried into the well by suspending them in additional fluid or foam to fill the fracture with a slurry of proppant in the fluid or foam. Upon release of the pressure, the proppants form a “pack” which serves to hold open the fractures. The goal of using proppants is to increase production of oil and/or gas by providing a highly conductive channel in the formation. Choosing the correct proppant, therefore, is critical to the success of well stimulation.

Ceramic proppant oil exploration in the practical effect

  We all know that  Ceramic proppant （Oil fracturing proppant）is the primary role in the construction process, such as pressure and performed the role of diversion, but in the actual process of oil and gas exploration,  Ceramic proppant  the role and the performance of the case is kind of how it  Today we have on this issue under the case to be resolved.
      In the oil extraction process because the process of pre-drilling wells will cause severe vibration underground rock formations with the appearance of cracks occurred, and this for the future exploitation of the work lay hidden, leading to instability of the daily work of mining and reduction of security, cracks in different specifications for the well (according to the size of rock crack the case may be) of the   ceramic proppant   to fill, because of its structural features has a very strong resilience and can guarantee the stability of rock formations derails fracture cases; hand LPG etc. in the circulation process requires diversion to the smooth conduct of acquisition, while the primary role  Ceramic proppant  manifested, good permeability permeability ensures full exploitation of oil and gas, improve the oil and gas field production. In the actual mining process which we need to pay attention is to conduct geological analysis of the structure and then the filling of  Ceramic proppant ，   Ceramic proppant  size specifications the pressures are different, so be sure to pay attention to the actual application that .

Proppant technology ignited new hope

The new technique involves super lightweight proppant and water weight polymers, super lightweight proppant settling rate is much slower than the sand and ceramics, which to some extent reduces the required volume of water, while some offset by higher unit costs.

Method is a very meaningful alternative to the solution to promote adhesion of microbubbles sediment, like ultra lightweight proppant as easily portable, which reduces the amount of traditional job requirements, but also improve the well productivity, the main is due to improved connectivity.

A different strategy is the channel Fiber can be used for coagulation proppant pillar structure and the formation of poly block channels to promote traffic and prevent the scattering of the pumping process.

For the North American onshore  Unconventional gas  services sector, the main driver of value creation may turn to technology to improve operational efficiency and production integration. In fact, the technology has the potential to improve the mechanical efficiency of the equipment through improved standardization and standardization of equipment.

Shale gas water fracturing technology and China's constraints

Horizontal drilling and multi-stage fracturing of shale gas development is the core technology, but also the countries hope to break through the technical "bottleneck." Currently, large-scale hydraulic fracturing proppant is the transformation of shale gas, the key to creating business capacity, but can not fully meet the actual needs of China. Compared with North America, China shale gas development more special geological conditions, scope buried deeper stratigraphic older.

China shale gas are located in Sichuan, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Songliao and other hilly, mountainous areas, water scarcity, transportation inconvenience, a large water fracturing can only meet the pre-trial development, when large-scale commercial exploitation of these problems will certainly as a constraint to the development of shale gas an important factor. Therefore, to explore shale gas development to adapt to China's technology system, the formation of independent property rights of the original innovation is the only way for China's shale gas development.

Global oil demand will fall

Traditionally, global oil demand will continue to grow. Demographic change and the demand from emerging markets will support the continued growth in global oil demand, which is the common view of the energy industry. But such a view is wrong, because now begun to replace petroleum gas (gas exploration commonly used hydraulic fracturing proppant  (fracking), namely, water power fracturing shales, thus releasing hidden in  unconventional gas ) , and introduced a number of key countries, aimed at improving the fuel efficiency of its provisions. Oil demand in the current decade highs reached equilibrium probability is much higher than the market may estimate.

"Shale gas revolution" affect the global

With the rapid increase in shale gas  production, the IEA predicts that by 2015 the United States will overtake Russia to become the world's largest natural gas producer.

U.S. Energy authorities have predicted that shale gas will replace coal as the second-largest U.S. after oil energy resources, and may change the U.S. energy production patterns.fracturing proppants Currently, shale gas production increased by low energy prices, has become the revitalization of manufacturing a great magic weapon. European Airbus and many large international companies to move into the U.S. of some manufacturing projects, is the value of local low energy prices.

In addition, thanks to the shale gas revolution "hydraulic fracturing" technology, shale oil (a petroleum) production also increased rapidly, so that U.S. oil production rebounded strongly,ceramic proppant resulting in 2011 for the first time since 1949, the United States became refined net exporter of petroleum products. The IEA believes that by 2020 the United States will become the world's largest crude oil producer. U.S. ConocoPhillips CEO Ryan Lance even recently said that by the mid-1920s, the United States will not have to import oil.

Shale gas development bottleneck highlights

Thanks to years of technological advances,  shale gas  development in the United States in full swing. However, environmental concerns, competition for water and other problems with people is always accompanied by the development of shale gas.

Shale gas exploration is the core technology of horizontal drilling and  Hydraulic fracturing  method (also known as fracking), the United States more than half of the natural gas obtained through fracking mining. The method is to use "fracturing fluid", ie chemicals mixed with plenty of water, sediment, with high-pressure underground injection wells, fracturing rock formations nearby, the expansion gap, so that gas can flow into the well to collect. However, these activities may have on the environment and human health have a negative impact, including the pollution of air, water and soil. Due to many unfavorable factors, the United States, New York and Delaware Basin has been halted in the area of hydraulic fracturing project. States and the federal government is also developing more stringent regulations, trying to lighten the development of shale gas produced by environmental impacts.fracturing proppant Therefore, the future ability of shale gas revolution as the first decade as "triumph" remains to be seen.